Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

EBM > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Internal evidence

A

expertise of the PROFESSIONAL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Patient evidence

A

values and expectations of the: patient/client/student

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Research evidence

A

best available research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 sources of evidence we use to inform our clinical decisions?

A

internal, patient, and research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are blinders?

A

limited to just research evidence, may make you miss something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Decision (clincial) making

A

integrating best research evidence + clinical experience + patient values

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Information gathering

A

systemic process of getting:
- information history
- observation
- palpation
- clinical tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Differential Diagnosis

A

purposeful info gathering = develop multiple possibilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Knowledge

A

purposeful linking info = develop meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Meaning

A

ability to explain & predict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Wisdom

A
  • knowledge refinement
    based on:
  • experience
  • deliberate practice
  • careful resolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Ethos

A

establishing:
- credibility
- character of writer
- pertaining to authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Logos

A

ability to build + argue thru sound reason
- presentation of evidence to support proposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathos

A

dependent on perspective of reader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Beneficence

A

benefit-to-risk relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 factors for Respect for Persons

A

1) informed consent
2) individuals are autonomous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Justice

A

person has rights to results or findings of research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Implied Consent

A

assuming the individual would give consent in the situation but physically cannot verbalize it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diagnosis

A

“through knowledge”
- ability to explain and predict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Spot Diagnosis

A

recognize a pattern based on lots of experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Validity

A

strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Invalid

A

weakness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Peer review

A

other experts looking over paper before publish = to approve/disprove

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Internal Validity

A

Cause and Effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

External Validity

A

Generalization = inference = general population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Retrospective Study

A

look into the past
- 1 point in time from past measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Prospective Study

A

predicts future
- minimal = 2 time points to establish cause-effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 2 time points in a prospective study?

A
  • baseline point
  • follow-up point
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Parameter

A

population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Statistic

A

sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the 4 essential elements of a profession based on Cruess & Cruess?

A
  • unique body of knowledge
  • code of ethics
  • public sanction and recognition
  • professional authority
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are society’s 6 expectations of professionals?

A
  • guaranteed competence
  • altruistic service
  • morality and integrity
  • promotion of public good
  • transparency
  • accountability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are professionals’ 6 expectations of society?

A
  • autonomy
  • trust
  • monopoly
  • status and rewards
  • self-regulation
  • functioning health-care system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is scientia?

A

knowledge derived from systemic observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is phronesis?

A

practice wisdom honed from direct experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Tacit knowledge

A

personal knowledge = can’t be easily shared w/ others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Codified knowledge

A

written down knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Personal knowledge

A

internal knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Cultural knowledge

A

shared knowledge
ie: common sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What type of evidence is personal knowledge?

A

internal evidence

41
Q

What type of evidence is codified knowledge?

A

external evidence; research evidence

42
Q

Professional knowledge

A

info we link to allow us to explain + predict clinical phenomena associated w/ our social contract w/ public

43
Q

What are the 5 types of research evidence?

A
  • epidemiology
  • diagnosis
  • etiology
  • prognosis
  • therapy
44
Q

Hypothesis

A

rule (what we think the rule is)

“place under”

45
Q

Etiology

A

study of cause and risk

46
Q

Prognosis

A

future knowledge

47
Q

Therapy

A

serve others

48
Q

Good clincial practice

A

amalgam of scientia and phronesis

49
Q

What are the 3 ethical principles within the common rule that need to be addressed to ensure human participant protection?

A
  • respect for persons
  • beneficence
  • justice
50
Q

What are the 2 ethical convictions that the ethical principle Beneficence incorporates?

A
  • do no harm
  • maximize possible benefits
  • minimize possible harms
  • benefits = denominator
    ex: no randomized control for parachutes
51
Q

What are the 4 phases of the clinical scientific method?

A
  • observation/description of problem
  • make/refine hypothesis to explain problem
  • make/refine hypothesis to predict outcomes for problem
  • make interventions based on hypothesis to change course of problem
52
Q

Of the 4 phases of the clinical scientific method, the first 3 are associated with what?

A

our ability to observe

53
Q

What are the main 2 categories of clinical evidence derived from the clinical scientific method?

A
  • observational (bigger)
  • intervention (experimental)
54
Q

Epidemiology

A

trend

55
Q

Diagnosis

A

key features

56
Q

What type of study is associated with internal validity?

A

prospective study

57
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary research?

A

primary = original research studied conducted, peer-reviewed

secondary = summarizes available studies in the form of literature reviews

58
Q

What are the 3 main categories of primary research studies that you might read related to a clinical problem?

A
  • bench = basic research
  • applied = clinical research
  • epidemiological = population research
59
Q

What are 5 characteristics of Bench Research?

A
  • foundational
  • prospective study
  • animal, cell, genetic studies
    -generalizability sacrificed for control
  • allows to establish rule (hypothesis)
60
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Applied Research?

A

clinical = patients
applied = healthy people

  • balance btwn control and generalizability
  • studies trends at individual patient levels
  • use case studies to randomize control trials
61
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Epidemiological Research?

A
  • control > generalizability
  • studies trends at population (from specific groups to populations)
  • looks at patterns (time, person, place) AND frequency (rare or common)
62
Q

What are the 7 components of a primary research manuscript?

A

1) title
2) Abstract
3) Introduction
4) Methods
5) Results
6) Discussion
7) References/Bibliography

63
Q

What is the “Title” component of primary research manuscripts?

A

captures readers’ attention

Topic and info about authors

64
Q

What is the “Abstract” component of primary research manuscripts?

A

brief synopsis of study

65
Q

What is the “Introduction” component of primary research manuscripts?

A

builds the case

66
Q

What is the “Methods” component of primary research manuscripts?

A

details of how the study was conducted

  • allows readers to demonstrate and replicate
  • includes: procedures, instruments, variables measured
67
Q

What is the “Results” component of primary research manuscripts?

A

facts of the data; mean, median, and mode

68
Q

What is the “Discussion” component of primary research manuscripts?

A

interpretation of results

implications of study

can have conclusion at end

69
Q

What word precedes “purpose” statement?

A

therefore

70
Q

In the “Methods” section, what are the main components that we need to consider for helping us understand the study design?

A
  • study population
  • type of study
  • unit of observation
  • measuring technique
  • calculation of sample size
71
Q

Which 4 factors are critical for informing us about external validity?

A
  • study population = inclusion/exclusion criteria
  • unit of observation = what level is being studied (cell, organ, self, society)
  • type of study
  • calculation of sample size
72
Q

Which 2 factors are critical for informing us about internal validity?

A
  • question to be answered
  • measure technique (should be a prospective study)
73
Q

Endemic

A

already existing in a population

74
Q

Epidemic

A

thrust upon a population

75
Q

Pandemic

A

affects everyone, all populations

76
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A

mean, median, mode

77
Q

Mean

A

average

78
Q

Median

A

middle

79
Q

Mode

A

most

80
Q

Which measure of central tendency is considered unbiased? Why?

A

Mean because everyone contributes to it

81
Q

Standard deviation

A

measures dispersion around the mean

how much individual variation happened around the mean

SD = 0 = precise

82
Q

How do you know if the mean is a precise estimator?

A

use standard deviation

smaller it is = more precise = more reliable

83
Q

Prevelance

A

how many people have condition at this time

retrospective

84
Q

Incidence

A

of new cases over period of time

85
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

study of population

  • patterns formed by person, place, time
  • patterns –> diagnosis
86
Q

In hypothesis testing, which type of hypothesis is evaluated?

A

Null hypothesis

87
Q

Null hypothesis

A

hypothesis statistical procedure is designed to test

  • determines if results are random/by chance
  • fail to reject = difference observed compare to chance
88
Q

Type 1 error

A

false positive

89
Q

Type 2 error

A

false negative

90
Q

a priori

A

beforehand of study

91
Q

What are the 2 main types of data that can be captured through research

A

qualitative
quantitative

92
Q

Qualitative data

A

categorical

93
Q

Quantitative data

A

metric

94
Q

What are the 2 main categories of Qualitative data?

A
  • nominal = name
  • ordinal = order (scales, range, etc)
95
Q

What are the 2 main categories of Quantitative data?

A
  • continuous = like a decimal point allows a result to be continuous
  • mean
  • discrete = whole definitive number
96
Q

Why is it important to have an estimate of dispersion/variability around a point of measure?

A

determines how well you can generalize results from a sample to population

97
Q

Frequency

A

rate/prevalence

how common the condition is

98
Q

Cross sectional study

A

seeing what trends occur within 1 group of a population

99
Q

How is sample size determined in qualitative research?

A

when data saturation is achieved = no longer seeing/hearing any new info

EBM (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions