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MICRO 485 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary directive of microbial life?

A

survive, generate (ATP), grow, and replicate

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2
Q

Where are bacteria commonly found?

A

In practically every environment

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3
Q

What environments are Archaea found in?

A

Many environments but are mostly concentrated in extreme environments= extremophiles

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4
Q

Where are Fungi commonly found?

A

mostly in terrestrial and aquatic environments

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5
Q

What is evolutionarily linked to plants in an array of symbiotic relationship from pathogen to mutualists?

A

Fungi

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6
Q

What are protists?

A

Unicellular or colonial eukaryotes

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7
Q

How to protists obtain energy?

A

They are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

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8
Q

What are Oomycetes?

A

water molds (extremely good pathogens)

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9
Q

What are the main unique traits of microbes?

A

small size, ubiquitous distribution through Earth’s habitats, high surface area to volume ratio, potentially high rate of metabolic activity, potentially rapid growth rate, unrivaled nutritional diversity, unrivaled enzymatic diversity

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10
Q

Why are microbes important?

A

geochemical cycling of elements, detoxification of organic and inorganic pollutants, release of essential limiting nutrients from the biomass (recycling agents), maintaining the chemical composition of soil, sediment, water, and atmosphere required by other forms of life. environmental quality, agriculture, and climate change, diversity is key yo human survival

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11
Q

What is Earth’s Biosphere?

A

global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere

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12
Q

What is panspermia

A

life or materials for life originated from other planets

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13
Q

What is abiogenesis?

A

life originated on Earth through natural processes

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14
Q

How much of life’s history is prokaryotes?

A

70%

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15
Q

the reduction homologation of hydrogen cyanide was shown to produce what?

A

ribonucleotides, amino acids and lipids

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16
Q

what are the steps in the formation of our biosphere

A

abiotic synthesis of proteins and RNA, RNA world-self replicating and catalytic RNA, DNA is superior to RNA as a stable reservoir of genetic information while proteins have superior catalyst

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17
Q

What are the competing theories of mitochondria evolution?

A

Cellular complexity arose in a stepwise fashion prior to the endosymbiotic uptake (of the a-proteobacterium) or eukaryotic cellular complexity arose after endosymbiosis

18
Q

Explain Chloroplast evolution

A

primary endosymbiosis (uptake of a cyanobacterium by a non-photosynthetic eukaryote) then secondary endosymbiosis when a primary plastid-bearing algal is ingested by a non-photosynthetic eukaryote. Secondary plastids are characterized by the presence of three or four membranes

19
Q

What is phenetics

A

approach to classifying organisms based on the overall similarity

20
Q

what is cladistics

A

approach to classifying organisms based on the phylogeny

21
Q

what do you use to analyze microbial communities

A

amplicon sequence variants (ASV)

22
Q

What are sequences of microbes clustered into?

A

OTUs based on 97% similarity

23
Q

what is species richness?

A

how many? number of different species in the sample/locations

24
Q

What is evenness

A

describes distribution of species in the sample/location (0-1(even))

25
Q

what is diversity?

A

how different? function of richness and evenness. different diversity indexes

26
Q

What is alphadiversity?

A

diversity at a given site, typically richness (abundance)

27
Q

What is betadiversity?

A

compare diversity between different environments

28
Q

what is gammadiversity?

A

regional/geographic scale

29
Q

What are halophiles?

A

salt/high salinity environments

30
Q

What is a facultative anaerobe

A

prefer oxygen, but can function in anaerobic environments

31
Q

what is an obligate anaerobe

A

no oxygen

32
Q

what are phototrophs?

A

use light/electromagnetic radiation as their source of energy

33
Q

what are chemotrophs

A

use chemical compounds as their source of energy

34
Q

what is an autotroph?

A

a primary producer-do not require organic source of carbon, they use CO2

35
Q

what is a heterotroph

A

require organic carbon produced by other organisms

36
Q

what are mixotrophs?

A

can switch between different energy and carbon sources

37
Q

what is a Winogradsky column?

A

model system to study microbial and viral dynamics, interactions and diversity

38
Q

What are characteristics of bacteria and archaea

A

prokaryotic cell structure, no nucleus, circular genomes (plasmids), motility present or absent, diverse physiologies, typically small size, various shapes forms

39
Q

Why is there debate about 2/3 domains?

A

eukaryotic branches within archaea, no longer a monophyletic group

40
Q

what is saprotrophic?

A

from dead organic matter

41
Q
A

MICRO 485 (1 decks)

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