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exam 1 Flashcards

study for exam 1

1
Q

neuroscience

A

the study of the brain and its components

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2
Q

five major viewpoints of neuroscience

A

DEDMA: Describing Behavior, Evolution of Behavior, Development of Behavior, Mechanisms of Behavior, Applications of Behavioral Neuroscience

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3
Q

where did the greeks and egyptians believe was the center of our intelligence?

A

the heart

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4
Q

influence of herophilus

A

conducted early dissections tracing the nervous system

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5
Q

influence of galen

A

observed abnormal behavior from hurt gladiators

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6
Q

influence of leonardo da vinci

A

his drawings (although basic) provided information about the brain

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7
Q

who was rene descardes and what was his influence

A

french philosopher and dualist. he viewed animal behavior as animalistic and that the mind and body were linked at the pineal gland.

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8
Q

define monoism

A

universe consists of only one existence

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9
Q

define dualism

A

mind and body are two separate entities. 99% of neuroscientists accept this.

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10
Q

what is phrenology? what is the opposing view?

A

a region in the brain matched the behavior. opponents believed that the brain worked as whole.

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11
Q

what was paul broca’s influence?

A

he showed that language ability is restricted to a particular region of the brain ( broca’s area)

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12
Q

what did galton create? what did he try correlating? was he right?

A

created the correlation coefficient. tried correlating brain size with intelligence, but there is a very weak correlation between the two.

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13
Q

what is consciousness?

A

the state of awareness of one’s own existence and experience.

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14
Q

what is the human brain project?

A

heavily funded research project which sought to use supercomputers to recreate an artificial simulation of the brain .

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15
Q

nature v. nurture debate

A

our nature (genetics) have more influence on our behavior than our nurture ( environment)

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16
Q

define epigenetics

A

environmental alteration in DNA (not mutations) that results in altered protein product in future generations

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17
Q

intercellular communication vs intracellular

A

intercellular communication is via neurotransmitters between a synapse and intracellular communication is within the neuron ~ action potential

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18
Q

input zone

A

where neurons integrate information from either the environment or other cells

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19
Q

integration zone

A

where decision to produce a signal is made

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20
Q

conduction zone

A

where information is transmitted long distance

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21
Q

output zone

A

where neuron transfers information to other cells

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22
Q

motor neurons

A

stimulate muscles or glands

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23
Q

sensory neurons

A

respond to environmental stimuli (light, odor, touch)

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24
Q

interneurons

A

receive input from and send input to other neurons of the same region

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25
pyramidal neurons
found in the cortex and hippocampus and release glutamate
26
medium spiny neurons
found in the striatum and release GABA. "S"piny= "S"triatum
27
nissl stain
labels mRNA; we can count the number of cells in a region, as well as determine the health of them. However, we don't know the type of neuron it is.
28
golgi stain
tells the type of neuron in a brain region but only labels some in the region
29
c-fos protein labeling
marker for a neuron that has recently been active, perfect for visualizing what parts of the brain were being used for an experiment
30
virus labeling
allows us to visualize astrocytes, cell bodies and other components within different colors.
31
action potential
an electrochemical event where the inside of a neuron becomes more positive
32
membrane potential
refers to the voltage at that time, at that membrane
33
resting potential
-65 mV; the resting voltage of neurons
34
depolarization
when a potential becomes more positive
35
hyperpolarization
the inside of the cell is becoming more negative
36
what uses 2/3 of the neurons energy stores
sodium potassium pump
37
what is saltatory conduction and why is it beneficial
saltatory (jump). the action potential jumps down the axon in the gaps between the myelin. this saves energy and is much faster since the only worry is the NaK+ pump (which uses ATP) in those gaps/.
38
where are the action potentials regenerated in the axon
nodes of ranvier
39
define astrocytes
look like stars; receive info from neurons, nutritional info for the blood, and are overall important for neuron function
40
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheath in the CNS (brain & spinal cord)
41
microglial cells
small cells that remove debris from injured neurons
42
schwann cells
form myelin sheath in the PNS
43
explain BBB (blood brain barrier)
the brain evolved an extra form of protection in which the capillaries have tight junctions
44
whats a synapse and whats inside
a small gap at the end of a neuron where a signal is passed on to another neuron through the use of nt
45
purpose of dendritic spines
help receive & transmit the signal to the cell body and onward.
46
process where nt's are released
KNOW
47
proteins that help with releasing neurotransmitters
SNARES: play a significant role in vesicle docking, priming and fusing. Synaptotagmin: trigger Ca2+-dependent nt release
48
receptor
a protein that binds a nt and performs an action
49
ionotropic receptor
have channels in them, for ions to enter and leave the cell ( causes EPSP or IPSP)
50
metabotropic receptor
when an nt binds to a receptor, the signals are lower since they go through secondary messenger cascade
51
EPSP
an excitatory signal; depolarization
52
IPSP
an inhibitory signal; hyperpolarization
53
3 ways in which nt are removed from the synapse
1. digesting them with enzymes 2. the presynaptic membrane reuptakes the unused nt's 3. diffuses out the synaptic cleft
54
temporal summation
when multiple signals come from the SAME axon, and come at quick enough time where they create an EPSP in the recieving neuron
55
spatial summation
when multiple signals come from DIFFERENT axons, and together they create an EPSP in the recieving neuron
56
can metabotropic receptors open channels?
yes, via g proteins.
57
the end result of 2nd messenger cascades is altering the phosphorylation state, which will do the following:
change a receptors function move a receptor in/out the membrane alter translation/transcription alter calcium levels
58
Gs
activates adenylyl cyclase
59
Gi
inactivates adenylyl cyclase (inhibition)
60
Gq
increases DAG and Calcium in the cell
61
key difference between nt effects and hormone effects in the body?
hormones travel longer distances in the body and can have longer lasting effects (hours-months)
62
what type of receptors do hormones usually have?
metabotropic receptors
63
define psychopharmacology
the study of how drugs change behavior
64
pharmacokinetics vs pharmacodynamics
explores how your body interacts with a drug vs explores how the drug interacts with your body
65
what makes a drug psychoactive
psychoactive drugs change behavior
66
full agonist
ligand producing a biological effect when all receptor are bound
67
antagonist
ligand that binds but produces no biological effect (competitive vs noncompetitive)
68
inverse agonist
induces a pharmacological response OPPOSITE of the agonist
69
allosteric agonist
attaches to an alternate binding site to either facilitate the opening of an ion channel or increase the likelihood of signaling via G-proteins if the nt binds
70
allosteric antagonist
attaches to an alternate binding site to either prevent the opening of an ion channel or reduce the likelihood of signaling via G-proteins if the nt binds.
71
two types of drug tolerance
metabolic tolerance and functional tolerance
72

behavioral neuroscience (1 decks)

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