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behavioral neuroscience > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

study for exam 1

1
Q

neuroscience

A

the study of the brain and its components

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2
Q

five major viewpoints of neuroscience

A

DEDMA: Describing Behavior, Evolution of Behavior, Development of Behavior, Mechanisms of Behavior, Applications of Behavioral Neuroscience

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3
Q

where did the greeks and egyptians believe was the center of our intelligence?

A

the heart

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4
Q

influence of herophilus

A

conducted early dissections tracing the nervous system

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5
Q

influence of galen

A

observed abnormal behavior from hurt gladiators

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6
Q

influence of leonardo da vinci

A

his drawings (although basic) provided information about the brain

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7
Q

who was rene descardes and what was his influence

A

french philosopher and dualist. he viewed animal behavior as animalistic and that the mind and body were linked at the pineal gland.

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8
Q

define monoism

A

universe consists of only one existence

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9
Q

define dualism

A

mind and body are two separate entities. 99% of neuroscientists accept this.

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10
Q

what is phrenology? what is the opposing view?

A

a region in the brain matched the behavior. opponents believed that the brain worked as whole.

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11
Q

what was paul broca’s influence?

A

he showed that language ability is restricted to a particular region of the brain ( broca’s area)

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12
Q

what did galton create? what did he try correlating? was he right?

A

created the correlation coefficient. tried correlating brain size with intelligence, but there is a very weak correlation between the two.

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13
Q

what is consciousness?

A

the state of awareness of one’s own existence and experience.

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14
Q

what is the human brain project?

A

heavily funded research project which sought to use supercomputers to recreate an artificial simulation of the brain .

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15
Q

nature v. nurture debate

A

our nature (genetics) have more influence on our behavior than our nurture ( environment)

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16
Q

define epigenetics

A

environmental alteration in DNA (not mutations) that results in altered protein product in future generations

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17
Q

intercellular communication vs intracellular

A

intercellular communication is via neurotransmitters between a synapse and intracellular communication is within the neuron ~ action potential

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18
Q

input zone

A

where neurons integrate information from either the environment or other cells

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19
Q

integration zone

A

where decision to produce a signal is made

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20
Q

conduction zone

A

where information is transmitted long distance

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21
Q

output zone

A

where neuron transfers information to other cells

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22
Q

motor neurons

A

stimulate muscles or glands

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23
Q

sensory neurons

A

respond to environmental stimuli (light, odor, touch)

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24
Q

interneurons

A

receive input from and send input to other neurons of the same region

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25
Q

pyramidal neurons

A

found in the cortex and hippocampus and release glutamate

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26
Q

medium spiny neurons

A

found in the striatum and release GABA. “S”piny= “S”triatum

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27
Q

nissl stain

A

labels mRNA; we can count the number of cells in a region, as well as determine the health of them. However, we don’t know the type of neuron it is.

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28
Q

golgi stain

A

tells the type of neuron in a brain region but only labels some in the region

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29
Q

c-fos protein labeling

A

marker for a neuron that has recently been active, perfect for visualizing what parts of the brain were being used for an experiment

30
Q

virus labeling

A

allows us to visualize astrocytes, cell bodies and other components within different colors.

31
Q

action potential

A

an electrochemical event where the inside of a neuron becomes more positive

32
Q

membrane potential

A

refers to the voltage at that time, at that membrane

33
Q

resting potential

A

-65 mV; the resting voltage of neurons

34
Q

depolarization

A

when a potential becomes more positive

35
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the inside of the cell is becoming more negative

36
Q

what uses 2/3 of the neurons energy stores

A

sodium potassium pump

37
Q

what is saltatory conduction and why is it beneficial

A

saltatory (jump). the action potential jumps down the axon in the gaps between the myelin. this saves energy and is much faster since the only worry is the NaK+ pump (which uses ATP) in those gaps/.

38
Q

where are the action potentials regenerated in the axon

A

nodes of ranvier

39
Q

define astrocytes

A

look like stars; receive info from neurons, nutritional info for the blood, and are overall important for neuron function

40
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheath in the CNS (brain & spinal cord)

41
Q

microglial cells

A

small cells that remove debris from injured neurons

42
Q

schwann cells

A

form myelin sheath in the PNS

43
Q

explain BBB (blood brain barrier)

A

the brain evolved an extra form of protection in which the capillaries have tight junctions

44
Q

whats a synapse and whats inside

A

a small gap at the end of a neuron where a signal is passed on to another neuron through the use of nt

45
Q

purpose of dendritic spines

A

help receive & transmit the signal to the cell body and onward.

46
Q

process where nt’s are released

A

KNOW

47
Q

proteins that help with releasing neurotransmitters

A

SNARES: play a significant role in vesicle docking, priming and fusing.

Synaptotagmin: trigger Ca2+-dependent nt release

48
Q

receptor

A

a protein that binds a nt and performs an action

49
Q

ionotropic receptor

A

have channels in them, for ions to enter and leave the cell ( causes EPSP or IPSP)

50
Q

metabotropic receptor

A

when an nt binds to a receptor, the signals are lower since they go through secondary messenger cascade

51
Q

EPSP

A

an excitatory signal; depolarization

52
Q

IPSP

A

an inhibitory signal; hyperpolarization

53
Q

3 ways in which nt are removed from the synapse

A
  1. digesting them with enzymes
  2. the presynaptic membrane reuptakes the unused nt’s
  3. diffuses out the synaptic cleft
54
Q

temporal summation

A

when multiple signals come from the SAME axon, and come at quick enough time where they create an EPSP in the recieving neuron

55
Q

spatial summation

A

when multiple signals come from DIFFERENT axons, and together they create an EPSP in the recieving neuron

56
Q

can metabotropic receptors open channels?

A

yes, via g proteins.

57
Q

the end result of 2nd messenger cascades is altering the phosphorylation state, which will do the following:

A

change a receptors function
move a receptor in/out the membrane
alter translation/transcription
alter calcium levels

58
Q

Gs

A

activates adenylyl cyclase

59
Q

Gi

A

inactivates adenylyl cyclase (inhibition)

60
Q

Gq

A

increases DAG and Calcium in the cell

61
Q

key difference between nt effects and hormone effects in the body?

A

hormones travel longer distances in the body and can have longer lasting effects (hours-months)

62
Q

what type of receptors do hormones usually have?

A

metabotropic receptors

63
Q

define psychopharmacology

A

the study of how drugs change behavior

64
Q

pharmacokinetics vs pharmacodynamics

A

explores how your body interacts with a drug vs explores how the drug interacts with your body

65
Q

what makes a drug psychoactive

A

psychoactive drugs change behavior

66
Q

full agonist

A

ligand producing a biological effect when all receptor are bound

67
Q

antagonist

A

ligand that binds but produces no biological effect (competitive vs noncompetitive)

68
Q

inverse agonist

A

induces a pharmacological response OPPOSITE of the agonist

69
Q

allosteric agonist

A

attaches to an alternate binding site to either facilitate the opening of an ion channel or increase the likelihood of signaling via G-proteins if the nt binds

70
Q

allosteric antagonist

A

attaches to an alternate binding site to either prevent the opening of an ion channel or reduce the likelihood of signaling via G-proteins if the nt binds.

71
Q

two types of drug tolerance

A

metabolic tolerance and functional tolerance

72
Q
A

behavioral neuroscience (1 decks)

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