Exam 1

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

Focuses on Heredity and Variation
Centered around genes

Question 2

Central Dogma

Answer 2

Pathway of gene expression goes from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 3

Post-Transcriptional Modifications

Answer 3

Alternative splicing
5’-capping w/ methylated guanine
Poly-A tail on 3’

Question 4

Post-Translational Modification

Answer 4

Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation, etc.

Question 5

Gene

Answer 5

A segment of DNA that holds the molecular information to produce a functional product

Question 6

Proteome Complexity

Answer 6

Starts very compressed and expands to many options
Many complex steps to make a lot of different things

Question 7

Chromosome composed of…

Answer 7

2 chromatids

Question 8

Genetic Variation is…

Answer 8

The root of natural diversity

Question 9

Gene Expression

Answer 9

Using gene to affect characteristics

Question 10

Expression Levels

Answer 10

Molecular (protein)
Cellular (structure or working of a cell)
Organism (organism’s traits)
Population (traits within a species)

Question 11

Allele

Answer 11

Different version of a gene

Question 12

Morphological

Answer 12

Appearance

Question 13

Physiological

Answer 13

Ability to function

Question 14

Behavioral

Answer 14

Response to Environment

Question 15

True or False
~20,000 protein-coding genes

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False
Approx. 2 million base pairs

Answer 16

False
Approx. 3 million base pairs

Question 17

Catabolic

Answer 17

Big to small

Question 18

Anabolic

Answer 18

Small to big

Question 19

Centromere

Answer 19

Constricted region of the chromosome

Question 20

Kinetochore

Answer 20

Protein structure near the centromere that spindle fibers attach to during replication

Question 21

DNA wraps around histones, what amino acids help this?

Answer 21

Lysine and Argenine

Question 22

Nucleosome

Answer 22

DNA and Histones

Question 23

G₁

Answer 23

Preparing to divide, once it reaches restriction point, it is committed

Question 24

S

Answer 24

Chromosome replicated, two copies called chromatids, joined @ centromere

Question 25

G₂

Answer 25

Gather needed materials for nuclear and cell division

Question 26

Mitotic Spindle

Answer 26

Organizes and Sorts eukaryotic chromosomes Formed of microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) So each daughter cell gets same genetic info

Question 27

Astral microtubules

Answer 27

(top) Outward from centrosome (top) → plasma membrane, important for position in cell "Pull" towards ends

Question 28

Polar microtubules

Answer 28

(middle) Go → region where chromosomes will be during mitosis (middle): between two spindle poles "Push" away from e/o

Question 29

Kinetochore microtubules

Answer 29

Attached to kinetochores

Question 30

Order of Mitosis

Answer 30

Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 31

Prophase

Answer 31

Chromosomes already replicated, nuclear membrane begins to dissolve, chromatids condense

Question 32

Prometaphase

Answer 32

nuclear membrane gone, mitotic spindle

Question 33

Metaphase

Answer 33

Sister chromatids align themselves (metaphase plate), each pair chromatids attached to poles by kinetochore microtubules, info equally distributed

Question 34

Anaphase

Answer 34

Each chromatid now indiv. chromosomes, linked to only 1 pole, move to pole they're attached to, poles move apart due to elongation of polar microtubules

Question 35

Telophase

Answer 35

Reach poles + decondense, nuclear membrane reforms

Question 36

Cytokinesis

Answer 36

2 separate daughter cells

Question 37

Meiosis has __ rounds of division and results in __ _______daughter cells

Answer 37

2 rounds of division, 4 haploid daughters

Question 38

Order of Prophase 1

Answer 38

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis

Question 39

Leptotene

Answer 39

Already condensed, nuclear membrane starting to break

Question 40

Zygotene

Answer 40

Bivalent, synaptonemal complex (synapsis recognition)

Question 41

Pachytene

Answer 41

Crossing over, associated chromatids = bivalents

Question 42

Diplotene

Answer 42

Chiasma, no more synaptonemal complex

Question 43

Diakinesis

Answer 43

No more nuclear membrane

Question 44

Synaptonemal Complex (SC)

Answer 44

Forms scaffold that connects two homologous chromosomes, promotes crossing over

Question 45

Genomic Integrity is...

Answer 45

The defense again mutation

Question 46

Chiasma

Answer 46

Location of crossing over

Question 47

Incomplete Penetrance

Answer 47

Dominant allele is present but not expressed

Question 48

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 48

red + white = pink

Question 49

Wild-type

Answer 49

Prevalent alleles in natural population

Question 50

Mutant type

Answer 50

Random mutations, alter preexisting