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BIOL 305 - Genetics (Spring 2024) > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics

A

Focuses on Heredity and Variation
Centered around genes

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2
Q

Central Dogma

A

Pathway of gene expression goes from DNA to RNA to protein

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3
Q

Post-Transcriptional Modifications

A

Alternative splicing
5’-capping w/ methylated guanine
Poly-A tail on 3’

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4
Q

Post-Translational Modification

A

Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation, etc.

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5
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that holds the molecular information to produce a functional product

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6
Q

Proteome Complexity

A

Starts very compressed and expands to many options
Many complex steps to make a lot of different things

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7
Q

Chromosome composed of…

A

2 chromatids

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8
Q

Genetic Variation is…

A

The root of natural diversity

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9
Q

Gene Expression

A

Using gene to affect characteristics

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10
Q

Expression Levels

A

Molecular (protein)
Cellular (structure or working of a cell)
Organism (organism’s traits)
Population (traits within a species)

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11
Q

Allele

A

Different version of a gene

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12
Q

Morphological

A

Appearance

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13
Q

Physiological

A

Ability to function

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14
Q

Behavioral

A

Response to Environment

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15
Q

True or False
~20,000 protein-coding genes

A

True

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16
Q

True or False
Approx. 2 million base pairs

A

False
Approx. 3 million base pairs

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17
Q

Catabolic

A

Big to small

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18
Q

Anabolic

A

Small to big

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19
Q

Centromere

A

Constricted region of the chromosome

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20
Q

Kinetochore

A

Protein structure near the centromere that spindle fibers attach to during replication

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21
Q

DNA wraps around histones, what amino acids help this?

A

Lysine and Argenine

22
Q

Nucleosome

A

DNA and Histones

23
Q

G₁

A

Preparing to divide, once it reaches restriction point, it is committed

24
Q

S

A

Chromosome replicated, two copies called chromatids, joined @ centromere

25
Q

G₂

A

Gather needed materials for nuclear and cell division

26
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

Organizes and Sorts eukaryotic chromosomes
Formed of microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs)
So each daughter cell gets same genetic info

27
Q

Astral microtubules

A

(top)
Outward from centrosome (top) → plasma membrane, important for position in cell
“Pull” towards ends

28
Q

Polar microtubules

A

(middle)
Go → region where chromosomes will be during mitosis (middle): between two spindle poles
“Push” away from e/o

29
Q

Kinetochore microtubules

A

Attached to kinetochores

30
Q

Order of Mitosis

A

Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

31
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes already replicated, nuclear membrane begins to dissolve, chromatids condense

32
Q

Prometaphase

A

nuclear membrane gone, mitotic spindle

33
Q

Metaphase

A

Sister chromatids align themselves (metaphase plate), each pair chromatids attached to poles by kinetochore microtubules, info equally distributed

34
Q

Anaphase

A

Each chromatid now indiv. chromosomes, linked to only 1 pole, move to pole they’re attached to, poles move apart due to elongation of polar microtubules

35
Q

Telophase

A

Reach poles + decondense, nuclear membrane reforms

36
Q

Cytokinesis

A

2 separate daughter cells

37
Q

Meiosis has __ rounds of division and results in __ _______daughter cells

A

2 rounds of division, 4 haploid daughters

38
Q

Order of Prophase 1

A

Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis

39
Q

Leptotene

A

Already condensed, nuclear membrane starting to break

40
Q

Zygotene

A

Bivalent, synaptonemal complex (synapsis recognition)

41
Q

Pachytene

A

Crossing over, associated chromatids = bivalents

42
Q

Diplotene

A

Chiasma, no more synaptonemal complex

43
Q

Diakinesis

A

No more nuclear membrane

44
Q

Synaptonemal Complex (SC)

A

Forms scaffold that connects two homologous chromosomes, promotes crossing over

45
Q

Genomic Integrity is…

A

The defense again mutation

46
Q

Chiasma

A

Location of crossing over

47
Q

Incomplete Penetrance

A

Dominant allele is present but not expressed

48
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

red + white = pink

49
Q

Wild-type

A

Prevalent alleles in natural population

50
Q

Mutant type

A

Random mutations, alter preexisting

BIOL 305 - Genetics (Spring 2024) (1 decks)

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