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Bio 152 Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of biological molecule is made of mostly carbons and hydrogens?

A

Lipids

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2
Q

What is the major storage form of carbohydrates found in plants?

A

Starch

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3
Q

What is the major storage form of carbohydrates found in animals?

A

Glycogen

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4
Q

What does the R on an amino acid represent?

A

A variable group

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5
Q

What is the difference between the primary and secondary structure of a protein?

A

Primary represents the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Secondary represents regional assemble patterns or structures, eg. beta pleated sheets or alpha-helices.

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6
Q

The energy carrier ATP belongs to which class of biological molecule?

A

A nucleotide

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7
Q

Which classes of biological molecules can be used as a metabolic fuels to produce ATP?

A

Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates

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8
Q

What features help identify unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Multiple carbon chains with H’s on the end, and OH on end.

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9
Q

What type of biological molecule is an insects exoskeleton mostly made of?

A

Chitin (type of carb)

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10
Q

What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide is a monomer used to assemble larger polymers of nucleic acid. Assembled into long chains to form acids like DNA or RNA.

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11
Q

Examples of Carbohydrates

A

glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, chitin, cellulose, glycogen, and starch

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12
Q

Examples of Lipids

A

cholesterol, phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides, fatty acids

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13
Q

Examples of Proteins

A

amino acids, polypeptides, enzymes, membrane transporters, insulin, hemoglobin, myoglobin

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14
Q

Examples of Nucleic Acids

A

ATP, GTP, nucleotides, DNA, RNA

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15
Q

Define Metabolism

A

Survive, make repairs, grow and reproduce

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16
Q

Which biological molecules does a cells metabolism rely on?

A

Carbohydrates and Lipids

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17
Q

Define Anabolic

A

reactions that synthesize products with higher energy state compared to the initial substrate

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18
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

consume energy

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19
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

release energy

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20
Q

6CO2+H2O+energy—>C6H12O6+6O2

A

Photosynthesis; anabolic

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21
Q

Define Catabolic

A

the breaking down of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates/ lipids in energy releasing

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22
Q

C6H12O6+6O2—->energy+^H2O+CO2

A

releasing energy, catabolic

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23
Q

What do cells use to reduce the energy required to initiate a reaction?

A

enzymes

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24
Q

substance that speeds up a reaction?

A

Catalyst

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25
Q

Most enzymes are what class of biological molecules?

A

Proteins

26
Q

How does the enzyme change when it binds to the substrate?

A

Changes shape, enhances the reaction of the substrate

27
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

if a substrate cannot bind to an enzyme, reaction cannot be catalyzed

28
Q

noncompetitive inhibition

A

an inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, called an allosteric site

29
Q

allosteric inhibition

A

inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

30
Q

metabolic pathway

A

a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions

31
Q

example of metabolic pathway

A

glycolysis

32
Q

feedback inhibition

A

involves the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production

33
Q

Metabolic pathway is often controlled by ________, in which increased concentrations of products can inhibit enzymes earlier in the pathway, causing the pathway to slow down it’s production rate

A

Negative feedback inhibition

34
Q

A co-enzyme binds to a different part of the enzyme, and turns on the enzyme activity. In this case the co- enzyme is a?

A

Allosteric(binding somewhere other than the active site), activator

35
Q

During a typic enzyme-catalyzed reaction, ______ binds to the enzyme and is converted into ______.

A

Substrate, product

36
Q

The movement of molecules through a plasma membrane channel protein is always _____

A

down the molecules chemical gradient

37
Q

A membrane that is permeable to positive ions divides two chambers. Chamber 1 contains 1M NaCl in water. Chamber 2 contains 2M Urea (not an ionic compound) in water. Which way will Na+ travel?

A

Na+ will travel from chamber 1 to chamber 2`

38
Q

You measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside of a cell. You find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. What would be your best hypothesis for the process that is occurring?

A

Active transport

39
Q

An animal cell’s total osmolarity is 286 mOsM. The total osmolarity of a cell represents the sum of the individual osmolarities for ______________?

A

The sum of all the solute osmolarities in a cell (eg. glucose, chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium)

40
Q

GLUT2 is a transmembrane protein that binds a molecule glucose. After binding glucose, the protein changes its shape and releases glucose on the other side of the membrane. It does not require ATP to function. The direction of glucose transport by GLUT2 depends upon the concentration gradient of glucose. What type of protein is GLUT2?

A

carrier protein

41
Q

An animal cell in a ________ solution would shrivel, but an animal cell in a ________ solution would burst.

A

hypertonic, hypotonic

42
Q

Mitochondria can be found in

A

in all eukaryotic cells

43
Q

Microfilaments are mainly composed of ______. Microtubules are composed mostly of ________.

A

Actin, Tubulin

44
Q

What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum appear rough?

A

It is covered in ribosomes docked to the surface

45
Q

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system in the cell?

A

Golgi appartus

46
Q

One role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to

A

make new lipids

47
Q

A membrane-bound protein travels from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. How does it travel?

A

in a vesicle

48
Q

Outermost cell membrane also known as

A

plasma membrane

49
Q

inner contents of a cell

A

intracellular

50
Q

environment outside of the cell

A

extracellular

51
Q

Biological membranes are composed mainly of these 3 common molecules

A

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol

52
Q

amphipathic molecule

A

contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

53
Q

-philic

A

water loving

54
Q

-phobic

A

water fearing

55
Q

mono-

A

one

56
Q

di-

A

two

57
Q

tri-

A

three

58
Q

bilayer

A

two layers

59
Q

Integral protein

A

embedded in the membraned, cannot be removed without changing the membranes structure

60
Q

peripheral proteins

A

can be easily removed from the membrane without changing its overall structure

61
Q

receptor proteins

A

may receive or bind to select incoming signals carrying messages to the cell.

Bio 152 Exam 1 (1 decks)

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