Exam 1 Flashcards
Which type of biological molecule is made of mostly carbons and hydrogens?
Lipids
What is the major storage form of carbohydrates found in plants?
Starch
What is the major storage form of carbohydrates found in animals?
Glycogen
What does the R on an amino acid represent?
A variable group
What is the difference between the primary and secondary structure of a protein?
Primary represents the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Secondary represents regional assemble patterns or structures, eg. beta pleated sheets or alpha-helices.
The energy carrier ATP belongs to which class of biological molecule?
A nucleotide
Which classes of biological molecules can be used as a metabolic fuels to produce ATP?
Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates
What features help identify unsaturated fatty acids?
Multiple carbon chains with H’s on the end, and OH on end.
What type of biological molecule is an insects exoskeleton mostly made of?
Chitin (type of carb)
What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleic acid?
Nucleotide is a monomer used to assemble larger polymers of nucleic acid. Assembled into long chains to form acids like DNA or RNA.
Examples of Carbohydrates
glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, chitin, cellulose, glycogen, and starch
Examples of Lipids
cholesterol, phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides, fatty acids
Examples of Proteins
amino acids, polypeptides, enzymes, membrane transporters, insulin, hemoglobin, myoglobin
Examples of Nucleic Acids
ATP, GTP, nucleotides, DNA, RNA
Define Metabolism
Survive, make repairs, grow and reproduce
Which biological molecules does a cells metabolism rely on?
Carbohydrates and Lipids
Define Anabolic
reactions that synthesize products with higher energy state compared to the initial substrate
Anabolic reactions
consume energy
Catabolic Reactions
release energy
6CO2+H2O+energy—>C6H12O6+6O2
Photosynthesis; anabolic
Define Catabolic
the breaking down of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates/ lipids in energy releasing
C6H12O6+6O2—->energy+^H2O+CO2
releasing energy, catabolic
What do cells use to reduce the energy required to initiate a reaction?
enzymes
substance that speeds up a reaction?
Catalyst
Most enzymes are what class of biological molecules?
Proteins
How does the enzyme change when it binds to the substrate?
Changes shape, enhances the reaction of the substrate
Competitive Inhibition
if a substrate cannot bind to an enzyme, reaction cannot be catalyzed
noncompetitive inhibition
an inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, called an allosteric site
allosteric inhibition
inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.
metabolic pathway
a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions
example of metabolic pathway
glycolysis
feedback inhibition
involves the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production
Metabolic pathway is often controlled by ________, in which increased concentrations of products can inhibit enzymes earlier in the pathway, causing the pathway to slow down it’s production rate
Negative feedback inhibition
A co-enzyme binds to a different part of the enzyme, and turns on the enzyme activity. In this case the co- enzyme is a?
Allosteric(binding somewhere other than the active site), activator
During a typic enzyme-catalyzed reaction, ______ binds to the enzyme and is converted into ______.
Substrate, product
The movement of molecules through a plasma membrane channel protein is always _____
down the molecules chemical gradient
A membrane that is permeable to positive ions divides two chambers. Chamber 1 contains 1M NaCl in water. Chamber 2 contains 2M Urea (not an ionic compound) in water. Which way will Na+ travel?
Na+ will travel from chamber 1 to chamber 2`
You measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside of a cell. You find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. What would be your best hypothesis for the process that is occurring?
Active transport
An animal cell’s total osmolarity is 286 mOsM. The total osmolarity of a cell represents the sum of the individual osmolarities for ______________?
The sum of all the solute osmolarities in a cell (eg. glucose, chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium)
GLUT2 is a transmembrane protein that binds a molecule glucose. After binding glucose, the protein changes its shape and releases glucose on the other side of the membrane. It does not require ATP to function. The direction of glucose transport by GLUT2 depends upon the concentration gradient of glucose. What type of protein is GLUT2?
carrier protein
An animal cell in a ________ solution would shrivel, but an animal cell in a ________ solution would burst.
hypertonic, hypotonic
Mitochondria can be found in
in all eukaryotic cells
Microfilaments are mainly composed of ______. Microtubules are composed mostly of ________.
Actin, Tubulin
What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum appear rough?
It is covered in ribosomes docked to the surface
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system in the cell?
Golgi appartus
One role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to
make new lipids
A membrane-bound protein travels from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. How does it travel?
in a vesicle
Outermost cell membrane also known as
plasma membrane
inner contents of a cell
intracellular
environment outside of the cell
extracellular
Biological membranes are composed mainly of these 3 common molecules
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol
amphipathic molecule
contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
-philic
water loving
-phobic
water fearing
mono-
one
di-
two
tri-
three
bilayer
two layers
Integral protein
embedded in the membraned, cannot be removed without changing the membranes structure
peripheral proteins
can be easily removed from the membrane without changing its overall structure
receptor proteins
may receive or bind to select incoming signals carrying messages to the cell.
