Exam 1

Question 1

Which type of biological molecule is made of mostly carbons and hydrogens?

Answer 1

Lipids

Question 2

What is the major storage form of carbohydrates found in plants?

Answer 2

Starch

Question 3

What is the major storage form of carbohydrates found in animals?

Answer 3

Glycogen

Question 4

What does the R on an amino acid represent?

Answer 4

A variable group

Question 5

What is the difference between the primary and secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 5

Primary represents the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Secondary represents regional assemble patterns or structures, eg. beta pleated sheets or alpha-helices.

Question 6

The energy carrier ATP belongs to which class of biological molecule?

Answer 6

A nucleotide

Question 7

Which classes of biological molecules can be used as a metabolic fuels to produce ATP?

Answer 7

Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates

Question 8

What features help identify unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 8

Multiple carbon chains with H’s on the end, and OH on end.

Question 9

What type of biological molecule is an insects exoskeleton mostly made of?

Answer 9

Chitin (type of carb)

Question 10

What is the difference between a nucleotide and nucleic acid?

Answer 10

Nucleotide is a monomer used to assemble larger polymers of nucleic acid. Assembled into long chains to form acids like DNA or RNA.

Question 11

Examples of Carbohydrates

Answer 11

glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, chitin, cellulose, glycogen, and starch

Question 12

Examples of Lipids

Answer 12

cholesterol, phospholipids, steroids, triglycerides, fatty acids

Question 13

Examples of Proteins

Answer 13

amino acids, polypeptides, enzymes, membrane transporters, insulin, hemoglobin, myoglobin

Question 14

Examples of Nucleic Acids

Answer 14

ATP, GTP, nucleotides, DNA, RNA

Question 15

Define Metabolism

Answer 15

Survive, make repairs, grow and reproduce

Question 16

Which biological molecules does a cells metabolism rely on?

Answer 16

Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 17

Define Anabolic

Answer 17

reactions that synthesize products with higher energy state compared to the initial substrate

Question 18

Anabolic reactions

Answer 18

consume energy

Question 19

Catabolic Reactions

Answer 19

release energy

Question 20

6CO2+H2O+energy—>C6H12O6+6O2

Answer 20

Photosynthesis; anabolic

Question 21

Define Catabolic

Answer 21

the breaking down of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates/ lipids in energy releasing

Question 22

C6H12O6+6O2—->energy+^H2O+CO2

Answer 22

releasing energy, catabolic

Question 23

What do cells use to reduce the energy required to initiate a reaction?

Answer 23

enzymes

Question 24

substance that speeds up a reaction?

Answer 24

Catalyst

Question 25

Most enzymes are what class of biological molecules?

Answer 25

Proteins

Question 26

How does the enzyme change when it binds to the substrate?

Answer 26

Changes shape, enhances the reaction of the substrate

Question 27

Competitive Inhibition

Answer 27

if a substrate cannot bind to an enzyme, reaction cannot be catalyzed

Question 28

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 28

an inhibitor molecule binds to the enzyme in a location other than the active site, called an allosteric site

Question 29

allosteric inhibition

Answer 29

inhibitor molecules bind to enzymes in a location where their binding induces a conformational change that reduces the affinity of the enzyme for its substrate.

Question 30

metabolic pathway

Answer 30

a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions

Question 31

example of metabolic pathway

Answer 31

glycolysis

Question 32

feedback inhibition

Answer 32

involves the use of a reaction product to regulate its own further production

Question 33

Metabolic pathway is often controlled by ________, in which increased concentrations of products can inhibit enzymes earlier in the pathway, causing the pathway to slow down it's production rate

Answer 33

Negative feedback inhibition

Question 34

A co-enzyme binds to a different part of the enzyme, and turns on the enzyme activity. In this case the co- enzyme is a?

Answer 34

Allosteric(binding somewhere other than the active site), activator

Question 35

During a typic enzyme-catalyzed reaction, ______ binds to the enzyme and is converted into ______.

Answer 35

Substrate, product

Question 36

The movement of molecules through a plasma membrane channel protein is always _____

Answer 36

down the molecules chemical gradient

Question 37

A membrane that is permeable to positive ions divides two chambers. Chamber 1 contains 1M NaCl in water. Chamber 2 contains 2M Urea (not an ionic compound) in water. Which way will Na+ travel?

Answer 37

Na+ will travel from chamber 1 to chamber 2`

Question 38

You measure the concentration of a polar molecule inside and outside of a cell. You find that the concentration is high and gradually increasing inside the cell. You also measure the ATP concentration inside the cell and find that it is dropping. What would be your best hypothesis for the process that is occurring?

Answer 38

Active transport

Question 39

An animal cell's total osmolarity is 286 mOsM. The total osmolarity of a cell represents the sum of the individual osmolarities for ______________?

Answer 39

The sum of all the solute osmolarities in a cell (eg. glucose, chloride, calcium, sodium, potassium)

Question 40

GLUT2 is a transmembrane protein that binds a molecule glucose. After binding glucose, the protein changes its shape and releases glucose on the other side of the membrane. It does not require ATP to function. The direction of glucose transport by GLUT2 depends upon the concentration gradient of glucose. What type of protein is GLUT2?

Answer 40

carrier protein

Question 41

An animal cell in a ________ solution would shrivel, but an animal cell in a ________ solution would burst.

Answer 41

hypertonic, hypotonic

Question 42

Mitochondria can be found in

Answer 42

in all eukaryotic cells

Question 43

Microfilaments are mainly composed of ______. Microtubules are composed mostly of ________.

Answer 43

Actin, Tubulin

Question 44

What makes the rough endoplasmic reticulum appear rough?

Answer 44

It is covered in ribosomes docked to the surface

Question 45

Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system in the cell?

Answer 45

Golgi appartus

Question 46

One role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to

Answer 46

make new lipids

Question 47

A membrane-bound protein travels from the rough endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. How does it travel?

Answer 47

in a vesicle

Question 48

Outermost cell membrane also known as

Answer 48

plasma membrane

Question 49

inner contents of a cell

Answer 49

intracellular

Question 50

environment outside of the cell

Answer 50

extracellular

Question 51

Biological membranes are composed mainly of these 3 common molecules

Answer 51

phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol

Question 52

amphipathic molecule

Answer 52

contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

Question 53

-philic

Answer 53

water loving

Question 54

-phobic

Answer 54

water fearing

Question 55

mono-

Answer 55

one

Question 56

di-

Answer 56

two

Question 57

tri-

Answer 57

three

Question 58

bilayer

Answer 58

two layers

Question 59

Integral protein

Answer 59

embedded in the membraned, cannot be removed without changing the membranes structure

Question 60

peripheral proteins

Answer 60

can be easily removed from the membrane without changing its overall structure

Question 61

receptor proteins

Answer 61

may receive or bind to select incoming signals carrying messages to the cell.