Exam 1

Question 1

Crime

Answer 1

a wrong against society declared by law that’s punishable.

Question 2

Consensus Model

Answer 2

criminal acts conflict with the shared values and beliefs of society.

Question 3

Conflict Model

Answer 3

crime is determined by the group in power.

Question 4

What are the 2 common crime models?

Answer 4

The Consensus Model and the Conflict Model.

Question 5

Deviance

Answer 5

behavior that’s considered to be against societal norms.

Question 6

What are the types of crime?

Answer 6

Violent crime, property crime, public order crime, white-collar crime, cyber crime, and organized crime.

Question 7

Criminal Justice System

Answer 7

network of law enforcement, courts, and corrections designed to enforce laws and protect society from crime.

Question 8

Justice

Answer 8

quality of fairness that must exist in the processes that determine criminal wrongdoing.

Question 9

Federalism

Answer 9

the government’s powers are shared by both the federal government and the state governments.

Question 10

Formal Process

Answer 10

a series of routinized operations where success is gauged by a tendency to pass the case along to a successful resolution.

Question 11

Informal Process

Answer 11

based on discretion.

Question 12

Discretion

Answer 12

authority to choose between alternative courses of action.

Question 13

What are the 2 Criminal Justice Models?

Answer 13

Crime Control Model and Due Process Model?

Question 14

Crime Control Model

Answer 14

deter crime by arresting and incarcerating criminals as quickly and efficiently as possible.

Question 15

Due Process Model

Answer 15

protect individuals charged with crimes against the immense and potentially unjust power of the state.

Question 16

Civil Liberties

Answer 16

personal freedoms guaranteed to all Americans by the Constitution.

Question 17

Domestic Terrorism

Answer 17

acts of terror within one’s own country against one’s own people, with little to no foreign involvement.

Question 18

Patriot Act of 2001

Answer 18

signed 6 weeks after 9/11; created to define domestic terrorism and make it easier to survey and detain those deemed suspicious of terrorist activity.

Question 19

Choice Theory

Answer 19

school of criminology based on the belief that people have free will and can choose to commit crime.

Question 20

Classical Criminology

Answer 20

school of criminology that says wrongdoers weigh the pros and cons of crime.

Question 21

Positivism

Answer 21

school of the social sciences that sees criminal and delinquent behavior as the result of biological, psychological, and social forces.

Question 22

Biology

Answer 22

the scientific study of living organisms.

Question 23

Psychology

Answer 23

the study of the mind and its processes.

Question 24

Genetics

Answer 24

the study of how certain traits or qualities are transmitted from parents to their offspring.

Question 25

Hormones

Answer 25

a chemical substance, produced in tissue and conveyed in the bloodstream, that controls certain cellular and body functions, such as growth and reproduction.

Question 26

Testosterone

Answer 26

the hormone primarily responsible for the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sex characteristics.

Question 27

Psychoanalytic Theory

Answer 27

Sigmund Freud’s theory that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives.

Question 28

Sociology

Answer 28

the study of the development and functioning of groups of people who live together within a society.

Question 29

Social Disorganization Theory

Answer 29

the theory that deviant behavior is more likely in communities where social institutions such as the family, schools, and the criminal justice system fail to exert control over the population.

Question 30

Strain Theory

Answer 30

the assumption that crime is the result of frustration felt by individuals who cannot reach their financial and personal goals through legitimate means.

Question 31

Anomie

Answer 31

a condition in which the individual feels a disconnect from society due to the breakdown or absence of social norms.

Question 32

Cultural Deviance Theory

Answer 32

a branch of social structure theory based on the assumption that members of certain subcultures reject the values of the dominant culture by exhibiting deviant behavior patterns.

Question 33

Subculture

Answer 33

a group exhibiting certain values and behavior patterns that distinguish it from the dominant culture.

Question 34

Social Conflict Theories

Answer 34

theories that view criminal behavior as the result of class conflict.

Question 35

Social Reality of Crime

Answer 35

the theory that criminal laws are designed by those in power to help them keep power at the expense of those who don’t have power.

Question 36

Social Process Theories

Answer 36

theories that consider criminal behavior to be the predictable result of a person’s interaction with his or her environment.

Question 37

Learning Theory

Answer 37

the theory that delinquents and criminals must be taught both the practical and the emotional skills necessary to participate in illegal activity.

Question 38

Control Theory

Answer 38

a series of theories that assume that all individuals have the potential for criminal behavior, but are restrained by the damage that such actions would do to their relationships with family, friends, and members of the community.

Question 39

Labeling Theory

Answer 39

the hypothesis that society creates crime and criminals by labeling certain behaviors and certain people as deviant.

Question 40

Self-Control Theory

Answer 40

the belief that criminal behavior is linked to “low self-control,” a personality trait formed before a child reaches the age of 10; can usually be attributed to poor parenting.