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Biology II > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the different alleles of genes found within individuals of a population?

A

Genetic variation

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2
Q

What did Darwin believe in when it came to evolution?

A

Descent with modification

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3
Q

The study of genetic variation within a population

A

population genetics

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4
Q

What were the Hardy-Weinburg assumptions?

A
  1. No mutation
  2. No immigration
  3. Random mating
  4. Infinate population
  5. No selection
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5
Q

What does it mean if a system is in Hardy-Weinburg equilibrium?

A

No evolution is occurring

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6
Q

What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

A

p2+2pq+q2

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7
Q

what are the gene change agents?

A
  1. mutation
  2. gene flow
  3. nonrandom mating
  4. genetic drift
  5. selection
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8
Q

What is the ultimate source of variation?

A

mutation

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9
Q

what is the movement of alleles from one population to another?

A

gene flow

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10
Q

What is it when individuals with certain genotypes sometimes mate with one another more commonly than would be expected on a random basis?

A

Nonrandom mating

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11
Q

what is it when there is a random fluctuation in allele frequencies over time by chance?

A

genetic drift

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12
Q

what is the genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations?

A

evolutionary fitness

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13
Q

what is the fitness of an individual relative to other individuals within a population

A

relative fitness

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14
Q

what is it when a population is drastically reduced in size causing a loss of variability

A

bottleneck effect (drift)

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15
Q

what is it when certain individuals are separated from the rest of the population leading to genetic change

A

founder effect (drift)

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16
Q

what is it when there is a change in allele frequencies in a population over time?

A

evolution

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17
Q

What is a type of selection that depends on how frequently or infrequently a phenotype occurs in a population?

A

frequency-dependent selection

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18
Q

what is the type of selection that alternately favors one phenotype at one time and a different phenotype at another time?

A

oscillating selection

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19
Q

what is when there are favors in individuals with copies of both alleles, leading to maintain both alleles in a population?

A

heterozygote advantage

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20
Q

what type of selection acts to eliminate rather than favor the intermediate type

A

disruptive selection

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21
Q

what type of selection acts to eliminate one extreme from an array of phenotypes?

A

directional selection

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22
Q

what type of selection is when both extremes are eliminated, and the intermediate phenotype is favored?

A

stabilizing selection

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23
Q

what is it when alleles affect multiple aspects of a phenotype and affects can be placed on how the phenotype can be altered?

A

pleiotrophy

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24
Q

what is the energy and time each sex invests in producing rearing offspring?

A

parental investment

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25
Q

what is a type of selection of differential reproduction that results from variable success in obtaining mates?

A

sexual selection

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26
Q

what are competitive interactions among members of one sex to achieve fertilization success?

A

intrasexual selection

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27
Q

what is selection by members of one sex of which individuals in the other sex will get to mate?

A

intersexual selections

28
Q

what is selection techniques that are used to persuade the opposite sex?

A

secondary sexual characteristics

29
Q

what type of selection can remove variation form a population faster than mutation can replenish it?

A

intense selection

30
Q

what is a select advantage of alleles at one gene may vary between genotypes?

A

epistasis

31
Q

what are p and q in hardy-Weinberg?

A

allele frequencies

32
Q

what are p2 and q2

A

genotypic frequencies

33
Q

what is q?

A

recessive allele

34
Q

what is p?

A

dominant allele

35
Q

what is the change in genetic structure of populations due to selective breeding by humans?

A

artificial selection

36
Q

what is it when the independent development of similar structures in organisms that are not directly related often found in similar environments?

A

convergent evolution

37
Q

What is it when there are structures with different appearances and functions that all derived from the same body part in a common ancestor?

A

homologous structures

38
Q

What structure has no apparent current function and is thought to be an evolutionary relic?

A

vestigial structures

39
Q

What is the study of the geographic distribution of species?

A

biogeography

40
Q

what is a copy of a gene that is not transcribed?

A

pseudogene

41
Q

What define species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups?

A

biological species concept

42
Q

What is the reproductive isolation in which the formation of a zygote is prevented

A

prezygotic

43
Q

the reproductive isolation barrier in which species live in the same area but different habitats so they don’t encounter each other.

A

ecological

44
Q

the reproductive isolation barrier in which there is difference in mating rituals

A

behavioral

45
Q

the reproductive isolation barrier in which reproduction in different seasons/times of day

A

temporal

46
Q

the reproductive isolation barrier in which structural differences prevent mating

A

mechanical

47
Q

the reproductive isolation barrier in which zygotes are produced but are unable to develop into reproducing adults

A

postzygotic

48
Q

the reproductive isolation barrier in which hybrid embryos do not develop properly, hybrid adults do not survive in nature or they are sterile

A

hybrid inviability

49
Q

the idea that one species can split into two at a single locality

A

sympatric speciation

50
Q

what is all the alleles present in a species?

A

gene pool

51
Q

what concept proposes that the distinctions among species are maintained by natural selection

A

ecological species concept

52
Q

what is it when the evolutions of several divergent forms from a primitive and unspecialized ancestor?

A

adaptive radiation

53
Q

what is the process in which natural selection favors individuals in a species that use resources?

A

character displacement

54
Q

what is the view that species change very slowly in ways that may be imperceptible from one generation to the next?

A

gradualism

55
Q

the hypothesis about the mechanisms of evolutionary change proposing that long periods of little change are punctuated by periods of rapid evolution.

A

punctuated evolution

56
Q

the condition in which one or more entire sets of chromosomes are added to the diploid genome

A

polyploidy

57
Q

a polyploid organism that contains a duplicated genome of the same species, may result from a meiotic error

A

autopolyploid

58
Q

a polyploid organism that contains the genomes of 2 or more different species

A

allopolyploid

59
Q

what is the evolutionary history of an organism including which species are closely related and in what order the species evolved?

A

phylogeny

60
Q

a group that incudes the most recent common ancestor of the group and all its descendants

A

monophyletic

61
Q

a group that includes the most recent common ancestor of the group, but not all its descendants

A

paraphyletic

62
Q

a group that does not include the most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

A

polyphyletic

63
Q

a taxonomic technique used for creating hierarchies of organisms that represent true phylogenic relationship and descent

A

cladistics

64
Q

species or higher level group, such as genus or family

A

taxon

65
Q

what is the most recently derived trait?

A

synapomorphy

66
Q

what is the idea of a shared derved character state that has not been inherited from a common ancestor exhibiting that character state (from convergent evolution)

A

homoplasy

67
Q

the species concept that defines species on the basis of their phylogenic relationship

A

phylogenic species concept

Biology II (2 decks)

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