exam 1 Flashcards
Chinese used what for healing
acupunture and herbs 3,000BC
Eygptians
began embalming mummies 2,000BC
Where was anatomy first accepted?
Greece 800BC
Homer
Greek Author 800 BC
- Made detailed descriptions of battle wounds in the ilad
- TOO CLEAN to be battle wounds
Hippocrates
Father of Medicine - heal people do no harm
Four humors blood, yellow bile, phelgm, black bile
Artistole
student of plato
studied why and how we move around
Heart - seat of intelligence
Brain - Cools Blood
Library of Alexandra
Burned Down
Vivesections - disections of living people
Galen
130-201 A.D
First physicians to the gladiator
Perpetuated the four humors
Dark Ages
Leonardo De Vinci
Viturvian man - found that the body had lots of symmetry.
- Wide range of knowledge
Andreas Vesalius
1514 - 1564
Reformer of Anatomy - Claimed modern medicine had begun
Answered the question of what made the body tick
Believed that the four humors were not true
Questioned Galens Theories
Microscope
cells, bones, nuerons
X-ray
2-D image (for bone)
Ultrasound
use high frequency sound waves which reflect back to the transducer
different densities effect different blood flow rates
CT
X-ray beams move in a circle around the body.
MRI
Protons in tissue respond to pulse of radio waves while they are being magnetized
different densities are detected
PET positron emmison tomograpgy
use radioactive tracers
detect
alzheimers
organ function
heart conditions
brain disorders
Epithelial Tissue
protect absorb secrete sensory reception
Connective Tissue
most abundant, connects, protects, lots of collagen
Connective
Fascia
Binds structures
Found between muscles
Enveloping sheaths
Connective
Bursa
Pocket like accumulations of fluid
Bursa protects bone
Found in regions where shock and friction are common
Connective
Tendon
Connect muscle to bone
Dense parralell collagen
Aponeuroses (flattened tendon)
Connective
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
Dense parrellel collagenous tissue
Connective
Cartilage
Fibers within jelly like substances
Framework is resistant to damage
Connective
Bone
also blood is a connective tissue
Hardest connective tissue
Contains calcium and phoshorus which is hardened
No collagen
Muscle
3 Types
Smooth - Involuntary
Cardiac - Heart - Involuntary
Skeletal - Bones - Voluntary
Nervous Tissue
Sense, integrates and initiates action
muscle cannot contract without nervous stimulation
Two types of cells: neurons and nueroglia
Reflexes do not need……
brain it comes from the spinal cord
6 Functions of the Bone
Support
Protect
Assist in Movement
Mineral Storage - store Ca and phosphorus
Blood formation
Storage of Energy
Osetoprogenitor Cells
Stem Cells
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
Osteoblast
cells that form bone w/ Ca and phosphorus
Osteoclast
resorption of bone or break down
Osteoporosis and Risk Factors
Bone resorption outpaces growth
Risk Factors:
History
Gender Older Women
Height
Weight - Heavier is better
Age
Smoking
Vitamins
Exercise
How much of the bone is organic?
1/3 is organic collagen
This provides tensile strength to stretch bone
How much of the bone is nonorganic?
2/4 nonorganic calcium
Provide compressive strength
Lots of sunlight prevents mineral deficency and less bone breaks
Other Bone Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage - Holds femur to knee
Fibrous Connective tissue - holds plates of skull and pelvis
Blood
Nervous tissue
Adipose - Fat
Marrow - Bone
Bone is stronger than……
Steel
Two Bone Tissue Type
Spongy Bone (cancellous)
- absorb quick landings
- Contains spaces
- fat between bone
Dense Bone - Cortical or Compact)
- all bones covered in it
-Found in shaft of long bones
-resist bending
Bone Remodeling WOLFFS LAW
Bone will be laid down where needed and resorbed where not needed
Factors that influence Bone Remodeling
Minerals - Ca and Phosphorus
Vitamins - D especially
Sex Hormones - estrogen, testorterone
Mechanical loading - exercise
Low testosterone in track women
cause bone breaks and no periods because there body doesn’t have enough energy
Long Bone Anatomy
Periosteum - Dense Layer on the outside of the bone
Epiphysis - regions at the end of the bone
Where growth occurs
Joint Types 3
Fibrous - Connective tissue between bones
Cartilaginous - Cartilage between bones
Synovial - Space between bone for cartilage
Fibrous
Synarthordial
Immovable
Gomphhosis
Amphiarthrodial Definition and Types
Slightly moveable
Syndesmosis - (Fibrous) connects two parts of the same bone
Symphysis - (cartilaginous)
Synchondrosis - (cartilaginous)
Diarthrodial Synovial Joint
Lots of movement
Space between articulation bones
Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)
Functions of Synovial Fluid
- Lubrication
- Provides nourishment at the end of long bones
- Shock Absorption
Synovial (Diarthrodial) Joints
- Gliding nonaxial joints - slide - intercarpal joints
- Pivot uniaxial - move one direction - radio ulnar joint
- Hinge Uniaxial Joint - Humero ulnar joint
- Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) move one direction - metacarpophalengeal
- Saddle Joints Biaxial - Cant Twist - carpometacarpal
- Ball and Socket - Triaxial - Femoroacetabular joint (hip)
Osteoarthritis
- wear and tear at joint
- articular cartilage damaged
- bone growth
- large joints affected
Rheumentoid Arthritis
Immune System Malfunction
Immune System attacking synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid.
Nervous System Functions
- Sense
–Externally
–Internally - Integrates
- Initiates Action
Neuroglia Basics
- Protects nuerons and aids their function and support
- Oligodendrocytes CNS and Shawann Cells PNS
- Astrocyte - most abundant neuroglia
Oligodendrocytes CNS and Shawann Cells PNS
Produce myelin sheath
Astrocyte - most abundant neuroglia
Creates blood brain barrier
Nueron sends signal and then astrocyte responds
In a Neuron the bigger the diameter the……
faster the action potential
White and Gray Matter
White Matter - Contains bundles of myelinated axons
Grey Matter - Contains cell bodies, dendrites, axon terminals, synapses
Multiple Sclerosis MS
Immune System attacks myelin
20-40 years of age women
numbness and weakness
Double Vision
Lack of cordination
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS
Progressive degeneration of alpa motor neurons
Two Types of Nueral Synapses
Electrical in cardiac muscle
Chemical nueromuscular junction
Electrical Synapse in cardiac muscle
Direct connection between membranes
Spanned by connexons
Nueromuscular Junction
Synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle
Nuerotransmitter = Ach
Action Potentials pathways are always excitatory
Alpha motor neuron
Largest neurons in the body
Myelinated
Cell bodies located in brainstem and spinal cord
Resting Membrane Potential
Positive outside the cell with more Na and negative inside with more K
Postsynaptic cells recieve inputs
of…..
Excitatory or Inhibitory
all or none from the axon hillock
Voluntary Movement
initaite in brain
signals carry down spinal cord
Reflexive Movement
Involuntary
Initiated in receptors
Sensory neurons to spinal cord
motor neurons trigger muscle
Golgi Tendon Organs
Detect Tension applied to a tendon
Muscle Functions
Movement
Stability
Communication to muscles
Heat 85 percent of the body
Muscle Properties
Excitability - receive in response to stimulus
Conductivity he excitable membrane
Contractibility ability to shorten (stretch muscle when bending)
Extensibility ability to stretch without being damaged
Elasticity ability to return to normal shape after stretching
Concentric
Muscle shortens, when active
Escentric
Muscle length whenactive
Isometric
Muscle remains same length of an active
T - tubule
Brings action potential into inferior muscle fiber
Terminal cisternae
Holds calcium
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Stores calcium
Myofibrils
Where action happens
Inside myofibrils, the microfilament is responsible for shortening
Slow twitch muscle fibers
Low force aerobic slow to fatigue
Intermediate muscle fibers
Moderate force, mostly aerobic, slow to fatigue
Fast twitch muscle fibers
High force anaerobic quick to fatigue 
Hyperplasia
Makes more cells
Hyper trophy
Pack more actin and myosin into the cells
Exercise stimulates increases in
Protein filaments
Mitochondria ATP production
Myoglobin
Glycogen
Blood capillaries
More motor units equals
More force
When action potentials increases
the muscle is stimulated repeatedly
The frequency is continuous
How many muscles are in the body?
600
