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HTH 450 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of ideas w frequency in human populations and the application of this study to control health problems.

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2
Q

Descriptive epidemiology

A

Person, place, and time

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3
Q

Burden (saturation)

A

How many individuals are impacted

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4
Q

What is rate?

A

Number of events divided by size of the population

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5
Q

Why is rate necessary?

A

It allows valid comparisons across different populations

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6
Q

Analytical epidemiology

A

Agent, host, and environment

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7
Q

Disease frequency

A

Quantifying how often a disease arises in a population (case definition, method to count cases, determining size of population

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8
Q

Population

A

Group of people with a common characteristic such as place of residence, gender, age, or use or certain medical services/resources

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9
Q

Disease control

A

Done to prevent the spread of a disease and/or decrease in the incidence

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10
Q

How is disease control accomplished?

A

Through epidemiological research and surveillance

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11
Q

What is an epidemiologist?

A

Publix health scientist who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities needed for successful epidemiology practice

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12
Q

Purposes of epidemiology

A
  1. Identify etiology (cause) of disease and the risk factors associated
  2. Determine the extent of the disease found in the community
  3. Study natural history
  4. Evaluate both existing and new preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery
  5. Provide foundation for developing (public) policy and making regulatory decisions
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13
Q

Public health

A

A multidisciplinary field whose goal is to promote the health of the population through organized community efforts

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14
Q

Types of prevention

A

Primary, secondary, tertiary

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15
Q

Primary prevention

A

Action to prevent the development of a disease in a person who is well and does NOT have disease
Ex: hand washing, education, vaccines

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16
Q

Secondary prevention

A

People who have developed the disease — screening and early intervention
Ex: mammogram, colonoscopy, pap smear

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17
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Goal is to slow or block the progression of a disease, thereby reducing impairments and disabilities
Ex: radiation and chemo, surgery, rehab, antibiotics

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18
Q

List the 5 individuals most important in epidemiology

A

Hippocrates
James Lind
Edward Jenner
William Farr
John Snow

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19
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of medicine
First recorded epidemiologist
Made observations about the cause and spread of disease in populations

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20
Q

James Lind

A

Delt with scurvy
Made sure cases were as similar as possible

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21
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Smallpox
came up with the idea of vaccination/immunization

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22
Q

William Farr

A

founders of modern epidemiology
Compiled the data for the first census Bureau
Used data to form hypotheses about causes and preventions of diseases
quantified and arranged mortality data

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23
Q

John Snow

A

Father of epidemiology
Believed that cholera was transmitted through contaminated water

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24
Q

epidemiological triad of disease

A

host, agent, environment

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25
Q

host

A

genetics, behavior/lifestyle, habits

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26
Q

agent

A

microorganism must be present for infection to occur (bacteria, viruses, etc)
ability to live outside host, acclimate harsh conditions, and modify antigenicity

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27
Q

environment

A

residential exposures
occupational exposures

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28
Q

susceptibility

A

host must be susceptible for an interaction to take place–determined by a variety of factors

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29
Q

factors that cause human disease

A

biological
physical
chemical
others

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30
Q

transmission

A

different organisms (agents) spread in different ways

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31
Q

factors/characteristics for determining outbreak

A

rate of growth of the agent
transmission route

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32
Q

different types of transmission routes

A

oral, inhalation, dermal, injection, transplacental

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33
Q

modes of transmission

A

direct vs indirect

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34
Q

direct transmission

A

person to person (STIs)

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35
Q

indirect transmission

A

vehicle or vector (malaria)

36
Q

carrier status

A

individual harbors the organism but is not infected as measured by serologic studies (no evidence of antibody response)
–can still effect others
–acute or chronic
–no signs of clinical illness
Ex: typhoid Mary

37
Q

endemic

A

habitual presence of a disease within a given geographical area–usual occurrence of a disease within such an area

38
Q

epidemic

A

occurrence in a community or region of a group of illnesses of similar nature–clearly in excess of normal expectancy derived from common or from a propagated source

39
Q

pandemic

A

worldwide epidemic

40
Q

herd immunity

A

resistance of a group to an attack by a disease to which a large proportion of the members of the group are immune–critical percentage of the population is immune

41
Q

incubation period

A

a period of subclinical or in apparent pathologic changes following exposure, ending with the onset of symptoms of infectious disease – interval from receipt of infection to the time of onset of clinical illness

42
Q

why don’t diseases develop immediately?

A

may reflect the time needed for the organism to replicate
dose of infectious agent may influence the length of the incubation period

43
Q

isolation

A

individuals who are ILL or symptomatic

44
Q

quarantine

A

individuals who come in close contact with a case, but do not show symptoms or signs of illness and not tested positive

45
Q

what are the three major characteristics in epidemiology?

A

person, place, and time

46
Q

person

A

inherent characteristics (age, race, sex)
acquired characteristics (marital status)
activities occupation, leisure activities)
condition which one lives under (socioeconomic status)

47
Q

place

A

place of residence
birthplace
place of employment
country, state, city
school district

48
Q

time

A

disease rates change overtime
–seasonal changes
–secular trends (long-term trends that help to predict future incidence of a disease)

49
Q

measures of frequency

A

ratios, proportions, rates

50
Q

ratio

A

relative magnitude of two quantities or a comparison of any two values – one number divided by another

51
Q

number of items/events/persons in another group

A

ratio formula

52
Q

proportion

A

one number divided by another, but the entities represented by these numbers are related to one another–often expressed as a percentage

53
Q

number of items/events/persons with a particular characteristic
————————— X 10^2
total number of items/events/persons of which the numerator is a subset

A

proportion formula

54
Q

the numerator of a proportion is always a subset of the denominator
(true or false)

A

true

55
Q

rate

A

measure of risk–measure of the frequency that an event occurs

56
Q

number of individuals who are ill at a specific time and in a specific location
————————— X 10^n
total in the population at that specific time and in that specific location

A

rate formula

57
Q

morbidity

A

any departure, subjective or objective from a state of physiological or psychological well-being–diseases, injuries and disabilities

58
Q

measures of morbidity

A

incidence, prevalence, attack rates (type of incidence)

59
Q

incidence

A

number of NEW cases of a disease that occurs in a location (place) during a specified period of time in a population at risk for developing the disease

60
Q

incidence is a measure of risk (true or false)

A

true

61
Q

cumulative incidence

A

period of time when all the individuals in a population are at risk regardless of exposure or other characteristics

62
Q

number of new cases of an outcome occurring in the population during a specific period of time in a specific location
————————— X 10^n
number of persons at risk of the outcome during that specific time period in a specific location

A

incidence formula

63
Q

prevalence

A

number of affected persons present in the population at a specific time divided by the number of persons in the population at that time

64
Q

prevalence does NOT take into account the duration of disease (true or false)

A

true

65
Q

point prevalence

A

how many people have the disease at a point in time

66
Q

period prevalence

A

how many people have had the disease at any time during a certain period

67
Q

number of cases of an outcome disease present in the population at a specified time and location
————————- X 10^n
number of persons in the population at that specified time and location

A

prevalence formula

68
Q

attack rates

A

defines who is at risk–useful for comparing the risk of an outcome in groups with different exposures

69
Q

types of attack rates

A

crude attack rates, attack rates, food-specific attack rates

70
Q

number of persons ill with the outcome
———————— X 10^2
number of persons attending the event

A

crude attack rate formula

71
Q

number of people at risk in whom a certain outcome develops
————————– X 10^2
total number of people at risk

A

attack rate formula

72
Q

number of people who ate a certain food and became ill
————————— X 10^2
total number of people who ate that food

A

food-specific attack rate

73
Q

mortality

A

measure of disease severity

74
Q

why study mortality

A

-determine whether the treatment for a disease has become more effective overtime
-serves as a substitute for prevalence rate when disease is deadly

75
Q

crude mortality rate (crude death rate, annual death rate, mortality rate)

A

sometimes use the population at the midyear point because people move in and out of a specific area

76
Q

number of deaths in a specific location at a specific time period
————————— X 10^n
total population at that same location and during the same time period

A

crude mortality rate formula

77
Q

cause-specific mortality rate

A

mortality rate from a specified cause for a population

78
Q

number of individuals who die of a specific cause/outcome in a specific location during a specific time period
————————– X 10^n
total population at that same location and during the same time period

A

cause specific mortality formula

79
Q

case-fatality rate

A

proportion of individuals with a particular condition who die from that condition–must have the illness and must die of the illness

80
Q

number of cause-specific deaths among the incident cases
————————— X 10^2
number of incident cases

A

case fatality rate formula

81
Q

proportionate mortality

A

describes the proportion of deaths in a specified population over a period of time attributable to different causes–expressed as a percentage

82
Q

deaths due to a particular cause
————————– X 10^2
deaths from all causes

A

proportionate mortality formula

83
Q

survival rate

A

measure of prognosis–measures probability of surviving a specified period of time–expressed as a percent

84
Q

number of newly diagnosed patients with a given disease - number of deaths observed among patients in a specified time period
————————— X 10^n
number of newly diagnosed patients with the disease in the same time period

A

survival rate formula

85
Q

problems with mortality data

A

-most information comes from death certificates
-hard to compare two entities
-age

86
Q

when a disease is mild and NOT fatal, mortality is NOT a good measure (true or false)

A

true

87
Q

why look at mortality rates

A

-good reflection of incidence
-if CFR is high
-duration of disease is short

HTH 450 (1 decks)

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