EXAM 1

Question 1

Compare & contrast Anatomy & Physiology:

Answer 1

Anatomy: form of a structure
Physiology: function of a structure

Question 2

Describe the levels of structural organization from least to most complex & provide an example for each:

Answer 2

1. Atom- potassium
2. Molecule- oxygen
3. Macromolecule- DNA
4. Organelle- mitochondria
5. Cell - fat cells
6. Tissues- muscles
7. Organ- small intestine
8. Organ system- digestive tract
9. Organism- human

Question 3

Describe two characteristics of organs:

Answer 3

+1 tissues and encapsulated

Question 4

Describe the biochemical processes:

Answer 4

Metabolism- sum of all chemical processes

Catabolism- breaking larger substances into smaller parts

Anabolism- building larger things out of smaller things

Question 5

Define homeostasis & understand how it functions in maintaining body functions within defined limits:

Answer 5

• ability/tendency of an organism (or cell) to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes

-feedback systems : important ways of maintaining homeostasis
•positive or negative
•occur through receptors ( detect), control center (code), effectors ( adjust)

Question 6

List the only two examples of positive feedback systems in human:

Answer 6

1) blood clotting
2) child birth

Question 7

Describe anatomical position:

Answer 7

Standing shoulder width apart, Facing foreward, eyes closed or looking down, hands & arms to side

• supine: facing up on horizontal surface - on back
• prone: facing down on horizonal surface-on Stomach

Question 8

Describe the function of serous membranes:

Answer 8

Prevents friction

Question 9

Describe the location of the structures that make up serous membranes.

Answer 9

1) visceral- covers organs
2) pariental - covers wall of body cavity
3) Serous fluid - covers layers

Question 10

How many abdominopelvic quadrants and abdominopelvic regions are there?

Answer 10

4 quadrants
9 regions

Question 11

name one organ typically localized to that region

Answer 11

1) pancreas
2) Small intestine
3) Uterus
4) liver
5) Stomach
6) right kidney
7) left kidney
8) right ovary
9) left ovary

Question 12

Define polarity & describe how polarity relates to the plasma membrane of cells:

Answer 12

-unequal distribution of charge
• polar on outside and inside, nonpolar in middle

Question 13

Describe pH and explain how two organ systems in the body that act as buffer systems to maintain homeostatic levels of pH:

Answer 13

level of acidity or basicity in hydrogen concentration
• respiratory and urinary

Question 14

Name the macromolecule that makes up the vast majority of the plasma membrane:

Answer 14

Phospholipids

Question 15

Name the two other macromolecules in the plasma membrane at a lower concentration:

Answer 15

Cholesterol and glycolipids

Question 16

Label the polar & nopolar areas on the phospholipid below:

Answer 16

Head - polar
Tail- nonpolar

Question 17

Describe each of the following levels of protein structure:

Answer 17

Primary Structure: Chain
Secondary Structure: Shapes
Tertiary Structure: 3D Shape
Quaternary Structure: 2+ Chains

Question 18

Describe enzymes:

Answer 18

proteins that serve as biological catalyst in living cells
-characteristics: specific, efficient, and Under tight control

Question 19

Name the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA & understand which base pairs with which to produce the normal double stranded configuration:

Answer 19

A & T
A- adenine
T- thymine

G & C
G- guanine
C- cytosine

Question 20

Describe the following terms as they relate to the plasma membrane of cells:

Answer 20

Selective Permeability: Some things can cross, others cannot

Concentration Gradient: lots Of stuff on one side

Electrochemical Gradient: lots of Charge on one side

Membrane Fluidity: allows cell to move within limits

Question 21

Define Tonicity:

Answer 21

Applied osmosis

Question 22

Understand how the appearance of a cell will change when it is placed in the following solutions:

Answer 22

Hypertonic Solution: Crenate
Isotonic Solution: normal
Hypotonic Solution: burst

Question 23

Describe the following types of membrane transport:

Answer 23

Simple (Passive) Diffusion: needs no energy

Facilitated Diffusion: needs energy

Osmosis: diffusion of water

Primary Active Transport: goes through channel

Secondary Active Transport: Catch a ride

Question 24

Describe the key features of the Sodium-Potassium (NA+/K+) Pump:

Answer 24

-ATP breaking into ADP
-sodium leaves
-potassium comes in

Question 25

describe the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Answer 25

Hydrophobic- hates water

Hydrophilic- loves water

Question 26

Describe cholesterol with regards to the role it plays in the plasma membrane:

Answer 26

Rigidity

Question 27

Describe the location following types of membrane proteins within the plasma membrane:

Answer 27

Peripheral Proteins: Sits on top or bottom, doesn’t go through

Integral Proteins: part of way

Transmembrane Proteins: All the way

Channel Proteins: All the way

Question 28

Describe the function(s) of the Glycoclayx:

Answer 28

Provide polar carbohydrates

Question 29

Understand the basic structure of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) and describe its function:

Answer 29

Principle energy molecule
-helps to transport

Question 30

Compare the processes of endocytosis vs exocytosis:

Answer 30

endocytosis- goes in

exocytosis- goes out