EXAM 1 Flashcards
Compare & contrast Anatomy & Physiology:
Anatomy: form of a structure
Physiology: function of a structure
Describe the levels of structural organization from least to most complex & provide an example for each:
- Atom- potassium
- Molecule- oxygen
- Macromolecule- DNA
- Organelle- mitochondria
- Cell - fat cells
- Tissues- muscles
- Organ- small intestine
- Organ system- digestive tract
- Organism- human
Describe two characteristics of organs:
+1 tissues and encapsulated
Describe the biochemical processes:
Metabolism- sum of all chemical processes
Catabolism- breaking larger substances into smaller parts
Anabolism- building larger things out of smaller things
Define homeostasis & understand how it functions in maintaining body functions within defined limits:
- ability/tendency of an organism (or cell) to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
-feedback systems : important ways of maintaining homeostasis
•positive or negative
•occur through receptors ( detect), control center (code), effectors ( adjust)
List the only two examples of positive feedback systems in human:
1) blood clotting
2) child birth
Describe anatomical position:
Standing shoulder width apart, Facing foreward, eyes closed or looking down, hands & arms to side
- supine: facing up on horizontal surface - on back
- prone: facing down on horizonal surface-on Stomach
Describe the function of serous membranes:
Prevents friction
Describe the location of the structures that make up serous membranes.
1) visceral- covers organs
2) pariental - covers wall of body cavity
3) Serous fluid - covers layers
How many abdominopelvic quadrants and abdominopelvic regions are there?
4 quadrants
9 regions
name one organ typically localized to that region
1) pancreas
2) Small intestine
3) Uterus
4) liver
5) Stomach
6) right kidney
7) left kidney
8) right ovary
9) left ovary
Define polarity & describe how polarity relates to the plasma membrane of cells:
-unequal distribution of charge
• polar on outside and inside, nonpolar in middle
Describe pH and explain how two organ systems in the body that act as buffer systems to maintain homeostatic levels of pH:
level of acidity or basicity in hydrogen concentration
• respiratory and urinary
Name the macromolecule that makes up the vast majority of the plasma membrane:
Phospholipids
Name the two other macromolecules in the plasma membrane at a lower concentration:
Cholesterol and glycolipids
Label the polar & nopolar areas on the phospholipid below:
Head - polar
Tail- nonpolar
Describe each of the following levels of protein structure:
Primary Structure: Chain
Secondary Structure: Shapes
Tertiary Structure: 3D Shape
Quaternary Structure: 2+ Chains
Describe enzymes:
proteins that serve as biological catalyst in living cells
-characteristics: specific, efficient, and Under tight control
Name the four nitrogenous bases that make up DNA & understand which base pairs with which to produce the normal double stranded configuration:
A & T
A- adenine
T- thymine
G & C
G- guanine
C- cytosine
Describe the following terms as they relate to the plasma membrane of cells:
Selective Permeability: Some things can cross, others cannot
Concentration Gradient: lots Of stuff on one side
Electrochemical Gradient: lots of Charge on one side
Membrane Fluidity: allows cell to move within limits
Define Tonicity:
Applied osmosis
Understand how the appearance of a cell will change when it is placed in the following solutions:
Hypertonic Solution: Crenate
Isotonic Solution: normal
Hypotonic Solution: burst
Describe the following types of membrane transport:
Simple (Passive) Diffusion: needs no energy
Facilitated Diffusion: needs energy
Osmosis: diffusion of water
Primary Active Transport: goes through channel
Secondary Active Transport: Catch a ride
Describe the key features of the Sodium-Potassium (NA+/K+) Pump:
-ATP breaking into ADP
-sodium leaves
-potassium comes in
describe the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic
Hydrophobic- hates water
Hydrophilic- loves water
Describe cholesterol with regards to the role it plays in the plasma membrane:
Rigidity
Describe the location following types of membrane proteins within the plasma membrane:
Peripheral Proteins: Sits on top or bottom, doesn’t go through
Integral Proteins: part of way
Transmembrane Proteins: All the way
Channel Proteins: All the way
Describe the function(s) of the Glycoclayx:
Provide polar carbohydrates
Understand the basic structure of adenosine-triphosphate (ATP) and describe its function:
Principle energy molecule
-helps to transport
Compare the processes of endocytosis vs exocytosis:
endocytosis- goes in
exocytosis- goes out
