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PUBHLTH 310 Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

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2
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins and minerals

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3
Q

carbohydrates

A

majority of calories, ready source of energy, table sugar, fruits, grains, milk products

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4
Q

unrefined carbs

A

in natural state

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5
Q

refined carbs

A

carb-based food undergone processing to remove various components of original food

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6
Q

white grains

A

refined, no germ or bran

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7
Q

protein

A

made of amino acids that determine the function it has in the body (animal products, legumes, vegetables, ddairy products

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8
Q

functions in the body

A

hormones, enzymes, transporters, structure

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9
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

Proteins are broken down into single amino acids in the digestive tract, they enter the blood, and the body uses amino acids to build body proteins

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10
Q

lipids

A

concentrated source of energy, adipose is main storage site (animal foods, oils, nuts, avocados, some dairy)

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11
Q

types of dietary lipids

A

traiacylglycerides, saturated fatty acids, cholestrol, etc

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12
Q

vitamins

A

help with bodily processes

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13
Q

minerals

A

regulatory and structural roles

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14
Q

water (nutrient)

A

lubricant, transporter, regulates body temperature, structural component of cells, helps rid wastes

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15
Q

What is a public health issue?

A

Is it prevalent? Is it serious? Is it preventable and/or treatable?

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16
Q

homeostasis

A

physiological state of internal stability (blood pressure, blood sugar levels, body temperature, hormone status, energy stores)

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17
Q

undernutrition

A

body cannot produce transporter proteins (may cause dry skin)

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18
Q

kwashiokor

A

protein deficiency with adequate amount of calories (undernutrition)

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19
Q

DRI

A

average amount of energy or nutrients individuals should consume per day to stay healthy (acommodate age, conditions, and sex), includes nutrients and energy

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20
Q

purpose of DRI

A

reduce risk of chronic disease, prevent malnutrition, and support health when nutritional needs are altered

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21
Q

EAR

A

meant to estimate needs of population (meets needs of 50% of people in same sex and life stage group)

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22
Q

RDA

A

add 2x the standard deviation to EAR (meets needs for about 97% of the population)

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23
Q

UL

A

maximum level of intake unlike to pose toxicity

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24
Q

AI

A

used when scientific evidence is insufficient (ask)

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25
Q

What factors could affect Estimated Energy Requirements (EAR) for a human being?

A

metabolism, age, lifestyle, periods of growth, muscle mass

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26
Q

EER

A

average dietary energy intake to maintain energy balance

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27
Q

total energy expended

A

thermic affect of food, basal metabolic rate, thermoregulation

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28
Q

energy deposition depends on…

A

age, sex/gender, physical activity levels, tissue deposition, lactation

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29
Q

AMDR

A

percentage of total energy intake from macronutrients (45-65% of calories rom carbs, 20-35% of calories from fat, 10-35% of calories from protein)

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30
Q

Dietary Guidelines for Americans goals

A

promote health, prevent chronic disease, provide tools for individuals to monitor food intake

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31
Q

my plate

A

nutritional guide for the general public to monitor food intake per meal, divides food into groups based on the nutrients that they supply

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32
Q

factors that affect fertility status in humans of reproductive age

A

genetic, environment, biological/anatomical, age, behavioral

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33
Q

fertility

A

actual production of children

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34
Q

fecundity

A

biological capacity

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35
Q

what affects fertility?

A

abnormal hormone production (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, testes, and adipose tissue, protein synthesis)

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36
Q

hormone imbalance affects…

A

menstrual cycle, ovulation, sperm production, integrity

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37
Q

examples of how nutrition affects reproductive status

A

adipose tissue levels affect hormone production, amino acid status to support body protein levels, nutrients are needed to support normal cell functioning

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38
Q

Adipose tissue

A

endocrine organs

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39
Q

BMI limitations

A

does not take muscle mass, ethnicities, health into account

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40
Q

undernutrition

A

females: decrease in estrogen, LH, and FSH
males: decrease in sperm viability and motility, testosterone

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41
Q

menarche

A

first menstruation

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42
Q

ameorrehea

A

absence of menstruation for 3 months or longer

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43
Q

how much body fat is required to obtain stable menstrual cycle?

A

22% body fat

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44
Q

osteoporosis

A

loss of bone mass density

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45
Q

female athlete triad

A

disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis

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46
Q

relationship between menstrual groups, and bone mineral density

A

as menstrual group increases, bone mineral density decreases

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47
Q

treatment for female athlete triad

A

fellow athletes and coaches educated on the signs of disordered eating
goals: return of menstrual cycle, support bone density

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48
Q

relative energy deficiency in sports

A

awareness of adverse effects on immunity, cardiovascular health, metabolic rate, protein synthesis, mental health, etc

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49
Q

over nutrition leads to…

A

access adipose tissue, sub fertility, anovulation (altered testosterone levels and damaged DNA of sperm for men)

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50
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

directly under skin

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51
Q

visceral fat

A

surrounds vital organs (insulin resistance, fat blocks channels and interrupts signaling), associated with adverse metabolic changes and increase risk of pregnancy disorders

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52
Q

when glucose remains in blood, it triggers

A

increased production of insulin and glucose

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53
Q

increased insulin production decreases…

A

sex hormone-binding globulin (accumulates testosterone in ovaries, interfere with egg release)

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54
Q

males increase body fat risks

A

decrease semen concentration, increase DNA damage via oxidative stress, increased estrogen and decrease GnRH, LH, testosterone)

55
Q

weight intervention for fertility

A

weight loss: ovulation is recovered, sperm integrity increases, improves cholesterol, hypertension decrease, circulating insulin levels decrease, inflammation markers decrease

56
Q

folate natural form

A

spinach, legumes, lentils, avocado, asparagus, peanuts

57
Q

folic acid synthetic form

A

cereals, bread, granola bars, pasta, rice

58
Q

spinal cord development

A

folate is critical in synthesis of DNA and cell division, rapid for first few weeks of life

59
Q

imporper closure of the spinal cord

A

spina bifida (difficulty walking, fluid build up in brain, uncontrolled bowel movements)

60
Q

relationship between folate intake and neural tube defects

A

inverse (folate is good for preventing)

61
Q

what population has the highest prevalence of NTD?

A

hispanic, due to less awareness, genetic factors, dietary choices

62
Q

gestational age

A

38 weeks from conception to birth

63
Q

menstrual age

A

40 weeks from first day of last menstruation to birth

64
Q

blastocyte

A

implants into the uterine wall

65
Q

embryonic period

A

weeks 3-8, all rudimentary organs are formed in this period

66
Q

when does the zygote divide?

A

as it travels up the uterine wall

67
Q

histiotrophic nutrition

A

nutrient source for embryo, nutrient exchange by uterine glands and uterine arteries

68
Q

uterine glands

A

secrete nutrients, growth factors, cytokines into uterine capillaries/arteries

69
Q

fetal period

A

two important nutrition related organs full formed: amniotic sac, placenta

70
Q

amniotic sac

A

fluid filled membrane (provides fetus with a constant source of fluid)

71
Q

placenta

A

network of blood vessels and tissue for nutrient and oxygen exchange, hormone production, immune function, waste elimination

72
Q

how do nutrients, oxygen and waste travel?

A

through blood vessels via: pregnant persons circulation, placenta, umbilical cord, fetus

73
Q

hCG

A

human chorionic gonadotropin- supresses pregnant person’s immune response to not reject placenta

74
Q

estrogen levels in pregnant person

A

30x non-pregnant, supports growth of breasts and uterus, helps muscle and ligament relaxation

75
Q

progesterone in a pregnant person function

A

muscle relaxation: prevents pre-term lavor (inhibits muscular contractions)

76
Q

physiological changes between 9-30 weeks during pregnancy

A

increased glucose and fat storage, fetal nutrient demands increase, increase in placental exchange

77
Q

physiological changes throughout pregnancy

A

blood volume increases, increase RBC production, disgestive tract slows to increase nutrient absorption, can cause nausea and heartburn

78
Q

weight gain during pregnancy

A

25-35 Ibs is normal; fetus represents 25% of that weight

79
Q

energy recommendations for a pregnant person

A

1st trimester: no additional calories
2nd: +300
3rd: +450

80
Q

what do mother and baby use for main fuel source?

A

baby: carbs
mother: fat

81
Q

carbohydrate mediated storage of glucose

A

estrogen and progesterone play a role in this, glycogen released and converted back to glucose for fetal use when demands for growth increases (tri 1 and 2)

82
Q

carbohydrate state of insulin resistance

A

human placental lactogen blocks insulin receptors on maternal organs inhibiting glucose flux, increases production of liver glucose (tri 2 and 3)

83
Q

carbohydrate recommendation for pregnancy

A

all trimesters: 175 g/day to increase glucose storage (non pregnant = 130 g/day)

84
Q

protein recommendation for pregnancy

A

demand for protein is to support structural growth/development and maintenance of cells
1st tri: 46g/day (normal)
tri 2 and 3: 71 g/day

85
Q

fat during pregnancy

A

pregnant person relies on fat as main energy source for second half of pregnancy because fetus uses carbs, cholestrol is needed for estrogen and protein synthesis. cell and nerve membrane development in fetus

86
Q

cholestrol recommendation for pregnancy

A

1st tri: 175mg/dL
2nd tri: 200 mg/dL
3rd tri: 240 mg/dL
non pregnant: 165

87
Q

essential fatty acids

A

omega 6 (13 g/day) and omega 3 (1.4 g/day). derivatives of fatty acids play important roles in immunity, eye and neural development of fetus (sources: grains, nuts, legumes, vegetables, nut oils)

88
Q

fat recommendation for pregnancy

A

tri 1/non pregnant: 20-35%
tri 2: 30-35%
tri 3: 30-35%

89
Q

gestational diabetes risk factors

A

glucose intolerance during pregnancy; obesity, race/ethnicity, genetic factors, older age pregnancy. pre-diabetes)

90
Q

GDM screening

A

glucose challenge test w/no fasting required. if positive, overnight fasting and 2 hour blood draws following 75g intake

91
Q

GDM prevalence

A

8-10% of pregnancies (cost of treatment is serious)

92
Q

monitoring GDM

A

consistent monitoring of blood glucose, fetal growth, healthy lifestyle

93
Q

adverse effects of untreated GDM baby

A

macrosomia- large baby (increase blood glucose taken up by placenta, concerts excess glucose into fat)
obesity
nerve damage

94
Q

adverse effects of GDM mother

A

pre-eclampsia and development of type II diabetes after birth

95
Q

GDM treatment and prevention

A

medication, diet plan and exercise, prevention

96
Q

what type of carb does the fetus need?

A

glucose; easy to break down

97
Q

difference in a pregnant persons body

A

increase in insulin absorption, increase in blood glucose, increase in fetal insulin production

98
Q

epigenetics

A

which genes will be activated/deactivated in a DNA sequence

99
Q

what do methyl groups do to genes?

A

more methyl groups = silence

100
Q

increased energy utilization during pregnancy

A

requires B vitamins, iron, calcium, etc.

101
Q

increased protein synthesis during pregnancy

A

vitamin B, iron, etc.

102
Q

bone mineralization during pregnancy

A

requires calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium

103
Q

calcium roles for fetal development

A

constriction and relaxation of blood vessels, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hormone signaling, needs peak in 3rd trimester

104
Q

calcium for the pregnant individual

A

trimesters 1 and 2: increase level of vitamin D enhances calcium absorption, stimulated by prolactin and lactogen. Calcitonin increases and parathyroid hormone decreases, promoting extra calcium storage within bone (therefore increasing calcium is unnecessary)

105
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium

106
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood calcium

107
Q

calcium sources

A

brussel sprouts, broccoli, spinach, tofu, salmon, many dairy products

108
Q

what happens if calcium is low in diet?

A

bone will release calcium to maintain blood levels

109
Q

where is lead stored?

A

lead is stored in bones

110
Q

low dietary calcium intake is associated with…

A

high circulating lead levels (low circulating calcium stimulates bone turnover, as calcium released so is lead)

111
Q

pregnancy lead

A

higher calcium turn over in 3rd trimester, lead can be released, lead in circulation can cross placenta

112
Q

lead adverse effects on fetus

A

impaired neural development, low birth weight

113
Q

lead sources

A

toys, canned goods, pottery, gasoline (outside of US) food, water, plant, soil (in US)

114
Q

where is lead stored in the fetus?

A

brain, bones, and kidney of fetus

115
Q

lead and the brain of the fetus

A

damages mitochondria of brain cells: decreased IQ, learning disabilities, impaired hearing and growth, hyperactivity in childhood

116
Q

lead and the bones of the fetus

A

impaired bone development: competes with calcium mechanisms, low birth weight

117
Q

vitamin D

A

increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus

118
Q

vitamin D sources

A

natural: cod liver oil, tuna, egg yolk, sardines, beef liver, sunlight
fortified: milk, cereals, cheese, orange juice, yogurt

119
Q

vitamin D effects on fetus

A

low calcium, low birth rate

120
Q

iron purpose

A

supports hemoglobin structure (carrier of oxygen and nutrients), cellular metabolism

121
Q

heme iron dairy sources (15-30% bioavalibility)

A

poultry, beef, sardines, oysters, crickets

122
Q

non-heme iron dairy sources (2-10% bioavalibility)

A

spinach, beans, lentils, almonds, soybeans

123
Q

populations at risk for low iron

A

vegetarians/vegans, religious groups that do not consume meat, females with heavy periods

124
Q

iron recommendations for pregnancy

A

1st tri: nothing as absence of period makes up for what is lost
2nd and 3rd tri: 67% increase, 27mg vs. 18, supports oxygen needs for pregnant individual and fetal tissues

125
Q

amemia

A

iron deficiency that causes dysfunctional red blood cells

126
Q

folate (vitamin B9)

A

crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division

127
Q

folate pregnancy increase

A

600 ug from 400 ug (low folate can cause neural tube defects)

128
Q

one carbon metabolism

A

biological process dependent on adequate folate for: synthesis of DNA and cell division, DNA methylation

129
Q

choline sources

A

eggs, beef, pork, baked beans, milk

130
Q

choline pregnancy amount

A

450mg/day pregnant
425mg/day not pregnant
biosynthesis: body can make choline, increases in pregnancy- induced by estrogen

131
Q

choline roles in development

A

synthesis of neurotransmitters in embryonic and late fetal period, role in gene development, late pregnancy, affects brain, behavior, metabolic outcomes

132
Q

developmental origins of health and disease

A

exposure to nutrients, endocrine disruptors, heavy metals, pollution, toxins affect DNA methylation (altered levels of DNA methylation affect gene expression and thus disease)

133
Q
A

PUBHLTH 310 Exam 1 (3 decks)

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