Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
macronutrients
A
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
2
Q
micronutrients
A
vitamins and minerals
3
Q
carbohydrates
A
majority of calories, ready source of energy, table sugar, fruits, grains, milk products
4
Q
unrefined carbs
A
in natural state
5
Q
refined carbs
A
carb-based food undergone processing to remove various components of original food
6
Q
white grains
A
refined, no germ or bran
7
Q
protein
A
made of amino acids that determine the function it has in the body (animal products, legumes, vegetables, ddairy products
8
Q
functions in the body
A
hormones, enzymes, transporters, structure
9
Q
Why are proteins important?
A
Proteins are broken down into single amino acids in the digestive tract, they enter the blood, and the body uses amino acids to build body proteins
10
Q
lipids
A
concentrated source of energy, adipose is main storage site (animal foods, oils, nuts, avocados, some dairy)
11
Q
types of dietary lipids
A
traiacylglycerides, saturated fatty acids, cholestrol, etc
12
Q
vitamins
A
help with bodily processes
13
Q
minerals
A
regulatory and structural roles
14
Q
water (nutrient)
A
lubricant, transporter, regulates body temperature, structural component of cells, helps rid wastes
15
Q
What is a public health issue?
A
Is it prevalent? Is it serious? Is it preventable and/or treatable?
16
Q
homeostasis
A
physiological state of internal stability (blood pressure, blood sugar levels, body temperature, hormone status, energy stores)
17
Q
undernutrition
A
body cannot produce transporter proteins (may cause dry skin)
18
Q
kwashiokor
A
protein deficiency with adequate amount of calories (undernutrition)
19
Q
DRI
A
average amount of energy or nutrients individuals should consume per day to stay healthy (acommodate age, conditions, and sex), includes nutrients and energy
20
Q
purpose of DRI
A
reduce risk of chronic disease, prevent malnutrition, and support health when nutritional needs are altered
21
Q
EAR
A
meant to estimate needs of population (meets needs of 50% of people in same sex and life stage group)
22
Q
RDA
A
add 2x the standard deviation to EAR (meets needs for about 97% of the population)
23
Q
UL
A
maximum level of intake unlike to pose toxicity
24
Q
AI
A
used when scientific evidence is insufficient (ask)
25
What factors could affect Estimated Energy Requirements (EAR) for a human being?
metabolism, age, lifestyle, periods of growth, muscle mass
26
EER
average dietary energy intake to maintain energy balance
27
total energy expended
thermic affect of food, basal metabolic rate, thermoregulation
28
energy deposition depends on...
age, sex/gender, physical activity levels, tissue deposition, lactation
29
AMDR
percentage of total energy intake from macronutrients (45-65% of calories rom carbs, 20-35% of calories from fat, 10-35% of calories from protein)
30
Dietary Guidelines for Americans goals
promote health, prevent chronic disease, provide tools for individuals to monitor food intake
31
my plate
nutritional guide for the general public to monitor food intake per meal, divides food into groups based on the nutrients that they supply
32
factors that affect fertility status in humans of reproductive age
genetic, environment, biological/anatomical, age, behavioral
33
fertility
actual production of children
34
fecundity
biological capacity
35
what affects fertility?
abnormal hormone production (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, ovary, testes, and adipose tissue, protein synthesis)
36
hormone imbalance affects...
menstrual cycle, ovulation, sperm production, integrity
37
examples of how nutrition affects reproductive status
adipose tissue levels affect hormone production, amino acid status to support body protein levels, nutrients are needed to support normal cell functioning
38
Adipose tissue
endocrine organs
39
BMI limitations
does not take muscle mass, ethnicities, health into account
40
undernutrition
females: decrease in estrogen, LH, and FSH
males: decrease in sperm viability and motility, testosterone
41
menarche
first menstruation
42
ameorrehea
absence of menstruation for 3 months or longer
43
how much body fat is required to obtain stable menstrual cycle?
22% body fat
44
osteoporosis
loss of bone mass density
45
female athlete triad
disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis
46
relationship between menstrual groups, and bone mineral density
as menstrual group increases, bone mineral density decreases
47
treatment for female athlete triad
fellow athletes and coaches educated on the signs of disordered eating
goals: return of menstrual cycle, support bone density
48
relative energy deficiency in sports
awareness of adverse effects on immunity, cardiovascular health, metabolic rate, protein synthesis, mental health, etc
49
over nutrition leads to...
access adipose tissue, sub fertility, anovulation (altered testosterone levels and damaged DNA of sperm for men)
50
subcutaneous fat
directly under skin
51
visceral fat
surrounds vital organs (insulin resistance, fat blocks channels and interrupts signaling), associated with adverse metabolic changes and increase risk of pregnancy disorders
52
when glucose remains in blood, it triggers
increased production of insulin and glucose
53
increased insulin production decreases...
sex hormone-binding globulin (accumulates testosterone in ovaries, interfere with egg release)
54
males increase body fat risks
decrease semen concentration, increase DNA damage via oxidative stress, increased estrogen and decrease GnRH, LH, testosterone)
55
weight intervention for fertility
weight loss: ovulation is recovered, sperm integrity increases, improves cholesterol, hypertension decrease, circulating insulin levels decrease, inflammation markers decrease
56
folate natural form
spinach, legumes, lentils, avocado, asparagus, peanuts
57
folic acid synthetic form
cereals, bread, granola bars, pasta, rice
58
spinal cord development
folate is critical in synthesis of DNA and cell division, rapid for first few weeks of life
59
imporper closure of the spinal cord
spina bifida (difficulty walking, fluid build up in brain, uncontrolled bowel movements)
60
relationship between folate intake and neural tube defects
inverse (folate is good for preventing)
61
what population has the highest prevalence of NTD?
hispanic, due to less awareness, genetic factors, dietary choices
62
gestational age
38 weeks from conception to birth
63
menstrual age
40 weeks from first day of last menstruation to birth
64
blastocyte
implants into the uterine wall
65
embryonic period
weeks 3-8, all rudimentary organs are formed in this period
66
when does the zygote divide?
as it travels up the uterine wall
67
histiotrophic nutrition
nutrient source for embryo, nutrient exchange by uterine glands and uterine arteries
68
uterine glands
secrete nutrients, growth factors, cytokines into uterine capillaries/arteries
69
fetal period
two important nutrition related organs full formed: amniotic sac, placenta
70
amniotic sac
fluid filled membrane (provides fetus with a constant source of fluid)
71
placenta
network of blood vessels and tissue for nutrient and oxygen exchange, hormone production, immune function, waste elimination
72
how do nutrients, oxygen and waste travel?
through blood vessels via: pregnant persons circulation, placenta, umbilical cord, fetus
73
hCG
human chorionic gonadotropin- supresses pregnant person's immune response to not reject placenta
74
estrogen levels in pregnant person
30x non-pregnant, supports growth of breasts and uterus, helps muscle and ligament relaxation
75
progesterone in a pregnant person function
muscle relaxation: prevents pre-term lavor (inhibits muscular contractions)
76
physiological changes between 9-30 weeks during pregnancy
increased glucose and fat storage, fetal nutrient demands increase, increase in placental exchange
77
physiological changes throughout pregnancy
blood volume increases, increase RBC production, disgestive tract slows to increase nutrient absorption, can cause nausea and heartburn
78
weight gain during pregnancy
25-35 Ibs is normal; fetus represents 25% of that weight
79
energy recommendations for a pregnant person
1st trimester: no additional calories
2nd: +300
3rd: +450
80
what do mother and baby use for main fuel source?
baby: carbs
mother: fat
81
carbohydrate mediated storage of glucose
estrogen and progesterone play a role in this, glycogen released and converted back to glucose for fetal use when demands for growth increases (tri 1 and 2)
82
carbohydrate state of insulin resistance
human placental lactogen blocks insulin receptors on maternal organs inhibiting glucose flux, increases production of liver glucose (tri 2 and 3)
83
carbohydrate recommendation for pregnancy
all trimesters: 175 g/day to increase glucose storage (non pregnant = 130 g/day)
84
protein recommendation for pregnancy
demand for protein is to support structural growth/development and maintenance of cells
1st tri: 46g/day (normal)
tri 2 and 3: 71 g/day
85
fat during pregnancy
pregnant person relies on fat as main energy source for second half of pregnancy because fetus uses carbs, cholestrol is needed for estrogen and protein synthesis. cell and nerve membrane development in fetus
86
cholestrol recommendation for pregnancy
1st tri: 175mg/dL
2nd tri: 200 mg/dL
3rd tri: 240 mg/dL
non pregnant: 165
87
essential fatty acids
omega 6 (13 g/day) and omega 3 (1.4 g/day). derivatives of fatty acids play important roles in immunity, eye and neural development of fetus (sources: grains, nuts, legumes, vegetables, nut oils)
88
fat recommendation for pregnancy
tri 1/non pregnant: 20-35%
tri 2: 30-35%
tri 3: 30-35%
89
gestational diabetes risk factors
glucose intolerance during pregnancy; obesity, race/ethnicity, genetic factors, older age pregnancy. pre-diabetes)
90
GDM screening
glucose challenge test w/no fasting required. if positive, overnight fasting and 2 hour blood draws following 75g intake
91
GDM prevalence
8-10% of pregnancies (cost of treatment is serious)
92
monitoring GDM
consistent monitoring of blood glucose, fetal growth, healthy lifestyle
93
adverse effects of untreated GDM baby
macrosomia- large baby (increase blood glucose taken up by placenta, concerts excess glucose into fat)
obesity
nerve damage
94
adverse effects of GDM mother
pre-eclampsia and development of type II diabetes after birth
95
GDM treatment and prevention
medication, diet plan and exercise, prevention
96
what type of carb does the fetus need?
glucose; easy to break down
97
difference in a pregnant persons body
increase in insulin absorption, increase in blood glucose, increase in fetal insulin production
98
epigenetics
which genes will be activated/deactivated in a DNA sequence
99
what do methyl groups do to genes?
more methyl groups = silence
100
increased energy utilization during pregnancy
requires B vitamins, iron, calcium, etc.
101
increased protein synthesis during pregnancy
vitamin B, iron, etc.
102
bone mineralization during pregnancy
requires calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, magnesium
103
calcium roles for fetal development
constriction and relaxation of blood vessels, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, hormone signaling, needs peak in 3rd trimester
104
calcium for the pregnant individual
trimesters 1 and 2: increase level of vitamin D enhances calcium absorption, stimulated by prolactin and lactogen. Calcitonin increases and parathyroid hormone decreases, promoting extra calcium storage within bone (therefore increasing calcium is unnecessary)
105
calcitonin
decreases blood calcium
106
parathyroid hormone
increases blood calcium
107
calcium sources
brussel sprouts, broccoli, spinach, tofu, salmon, many dairy products
108
what happens if calcium is low in diet?
bone will release calcium to maintain blood levels
109
where is lead stored?
lead is stored in bones
110
low dietary calcium intake is associated with...
high circulating lead levels (low circulating calcium stimulates bone turnover, as calcium released so is lead)
111
pregnancy lead
higher calcium turn over in 3rd trimester, lead can be released, lead in circulation can cross placenta
112
lead adverse effects on fetus
impaired neural development, low birth weight
113
lead sources
toys, canned goods, pottery, gasoline (outside of US) food, water, plant, soil (in US)
114
where is lead stored in the fetus?
brain, bones, and kidney of fetus
115
lead and the brain of the fetus
damages mitochondria of brain cells: decreased IQ, learning disabilities, impaired hearing and growth, hyperactivity in childhood
116
lead and the bones of the fetus
impaired bone development: competes with calcium mechanisms, low birth weight
117
vitamin D
increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus
118
vitamin D sources
natural: cod liver oil, tuna, egg yolk, sardines, beef liver, sunlight
fortified: milk, cereals, cheese, orange juice, yogurt
119
vitamin D effects on fetus
low calcium, low birth rate
120
iron purpose
supports hemoglobin structure (carrier of oxygen and nutrients), cellular metabolism
121
heme iron dairy sources (15-30% bioavalibility)
poultry, beef, sardines, oysters, crickets
122
non-heme iron dairy sources (2-10% bioavalibility)
spinach, beans, lentils, almonds, soybeans
123
populations at risk for low iron
vegetarians/vegans, religious groups that do not consume meat, females with heavy periods
124
iron recommendations for pregnancy
1st tri: nothing as absence of period makes up for what is lost
2nd and 3rd tri: 67% increase, 27mg vs. 18, supports oxygen needs for pregnant individual and fetal tissues
125
amemia
iron deficiency that causes dysfunctional red blood cells
126
folate (vitamin B9)
crucial for DNA synthesis and cell division
127
folate pregnancy increase
600 ug from 400 ug (low folate can cause neural tube defects)
128
one carbon metabolism
biological process dependent on adequate folate for: synthesis of DNA and cell division, DNA methylation
129
choline sources
eggs, beef, pork, baked beans, milk
130
choline pregnancy amount
450mg/day pregnant
425mg/day not pregnant
biosynthesis: body can make choline, increases in pregnancy- induced by estrogen
131
choline roles in development
synthesis of neurotransmitters in embryonic and late fetal period, role in gene development, late pregnancy, affects brain, behavior, metabolic outcomes
132
developmental origins of health and disease
exposure to nutrients, endocrine disruptors, heavy metals, pollution, toxins affect DNA methylation (altered levels of DNA methylation affect gene expression and thus disease)
133
