Exam 1 Flashcards
Refer to powerpoint for more info
1
Q
Florence Nightingale
*8 things
A
- Educated for 3 months in Germany in a church-run hospital
- Founder of modern nursing
- Led nurses to Crimean War to care
for wounded soldiers - Known as “The Lady of the Lamp”
- Statistician/developed rose diagram
- Improved sanitation in hospitals
- Published “Notes on Nursing”
- Established Florence Nightingale School for Nurses in St. Thomas London
2
Q
Mary Seacole
*4 things
A
- Jamaican healer/doctress
- Offered her services to Florence Nightingale during Crimean War
- Worked voluntary with her own resources
- Recognized as a significant minority nurse
3
Q
Dorothea Dix
- 5 things
A
- Author, teacher and social reformer
- Best known reforming conditions of the mentally ill and prisoners
*The Asylum Movement - Changed the publics perception of these vulnerable populations
- During the civil war she was the superintendent of Nurses for the Union Army
- After the war her effort to reform treatment of the mentally ill continued
4
Q
Clara Barton
*9 things
A
- Was a teacher – not a nurse
- Cared for her brother which inspired her to care for others through teaching
- Opened a free public school in 1852
- Distributed food and medication supplies during the Civil War
- Named head nurse without formal training
- Worked for the International Red Cross in Europe
- Founded the American Red Cross in 1881
- Served as the first president for the American Red Cross
- Founded the National First Aid Association of America in 1905
5
Q
Mary Elizabeth Mahoney
*8 things
A
- Graduated and worked at the New England Hospital for Women and Children
- 16-month program, only 4 of the 42 students successfully made it through
- First African American to earn a nursing license
- Leader for the Howard Orphan Asylum for Black Children
- First African American trained nurse in US
Changed the face of nursing - Broke the barrier so minority nurses could be accepted into nursing school
- Member of American Nurse Association (ANA)
- 1908, co-founded National Association of Color Graduate Nurses (NACGN)
6
Q
Lillian D. Wald
*9 things
A
- Graduate of New York Hospital School of Nursing – 1891
- Wealthy woman with social conscience
- Worked in mental hospital for a year after graduating nursing
- Decided to go to Med school at Woman’s Medical College
- Sent on home visit which changed her life
- Quit medical school
- Founded Henry Street Settlement with Mary Brewster
- First public health nurse
- Devoted her life to public health and a vision of a better world
7
Q
Loretta Ford
*5-8 things
A
- Attended nursing school at the University of Colorado
- Worked as a nurse for US military
- Served on several different bases during WWII
*Recognized:
- Shortages of pediatricians and family
practices
- Lack of rural and urban healthcare
- Rise in healthcare costs - Started the first nurse practitioner program in the U. S. beside Dr. Henry Silver
- Life longer learner, BSN, MSN, FNP, DNP, Certified public health nurse
8
Q
Mary Ann Nutting
*3-7 things
A
- Graduate of the first class of the Johns Hopkins Hospital School of Nursing in 1891
- While at Johns Hopkins Nutting:
- Expanded the curriculum in the school
of nursing from 2-3 years
- Added a preclinical training period
- Limited the number of hours nursing
students could work
- Established a professional and
historical library at the school - After the Spanish American War, assisted in establishing the Army Nurse Corps
9
Q
Linda Richards
*9 things
A
- Graduated from the New England Hospital
for Women and Children Training school
for nurses - Credited as the first trained nurse in
America - Reorganized the nursing program at the
New England Hospital for Women and
Children - She rallied against physician opposition in
the training of nurses - Mentored by Florence Nightingale
- Contributed to the creation of the first
written patient reports - Created night shift nursing
- Started Japan’s first nursing program
- Started nursing programs across US:
Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachusetts
10
Q
Who was the founder of Modern Nursing?
A
Florence Nightingale
11
Q
Who was responsible for establishing the American Red Cross?
A
Clara Barton
12
Q
Who helped establish the Henry Street Settlement?
A
Lillian Wald
13
Q
What type of people delivered care to the ill during the transformation period?
A
Poor, Prostitutes
14
Q
Who was the first African American Nurse in the U.S.?
A
Mary Elizabeth Mahoney
15
Q
Who advocated for the mentally ill and started the Asylum movement
A
Dorothea Dix
16
Q
What is stress?
A
A process beginning with an event that evokes a degree of tension or anxiety
17
Q
Types of Stress
A
Acute & Chronic
18
Q
Sources of Stress
A
- School
- Work
- Family
- Daily responsibilities
- Trauma
- Crisis
19
Q
What effects does stress have on the body?
A
As stress increases…. So does one’s risk for:
- Infection
- High blood pressure
- Heart disease
- Obesity
- Diabetes
- Cancer
20
Q
What are some positive ways to manage stress?
A
Relaxation – take “mini-breaks”
Meditation – deep state of relaxation
Guided imagery – concentration on
mental image to decrease awareness of stressful situations
Nutrition – Obesity & malnutrition are major sources of stress
Exercise – physical exertion provides stress relief
21
Q
What is anxiety?
A
A feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease, typically about an imminent event or something with an uncertain outcome.
- Universal
- Unpleasant
- Symptoms
* Physiological
* Psychological
* Cognitive
22
Q
What are some positive ways to manage anxiety?
A
- Talking with others
- Cooking, sewing, hobbies
- Walking, running, swimming
- Relaxation, meditation
- Crying, laughing, sleeping
- Limiting relationships to those with
similar values and interests
23
Q
Ego Defense Mechanisms (ESCAPE)
A
Repression - Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings
Denial - Refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it
Regression - Retreating to an earlier level of development in response to stress
24
Q
What are Ego defense mechanisms?
A
unconscious psychological processes that help an individual cope with anxiety resulting from a stressful internal or external environment.
25
Ego Defense Mechanisms (COMPROMISE)
Rationalization -Attempting to make excuses
Sublimation - Rechanneling of drives to socially acceptable ones (MADD)
Displacement - The transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening
26
What is compassion fatigue and how does it affect nurses at the bedside?
*Refers to the experience of any empathetic individual who is acutely conscious of societal needs but feels helpless to solve them.
Compassion fatigue effects:
- Secondary traumatic stress (STS)
- Burnout (BO)
27
How does a nurse demonstrate caring for others?
Nurses show they care through:
- Presence
- Listening
- Touch
- Knowing the patient
28
What is burnout?
- Results from excessive and prolonged stress
- A state of emotional, mental, and physical exhaustion
- Feelings of a sense of hopelessness; that things will not get better
- Loss of a sense of personal identity
- Feelings of failure
29
What behaviors reflect burnout?
- Absent or late to school or work
- Loss of motivation occurs
- Can lead to detachment and
depression
- Cynicism
*The feeling of being drained and
having nothing more to give
30
Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome-Theory of Stress
* What are the three phases?
Three phases:
Alarm: CNS is aroused; fight-or-flight response; hormones released
Resistance/Adaptation: occurs if the stress remains, cortisol activity is still increased, the body attempts to compensate
Exhaustion: endocrine activity continues and the body will fail if exposure to the stressor is prolonged
31
Alberta Bandura: Self-Efficacy Theory
Self-Efficacy is the belief that one has the power /capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainment
32
Patricia Benner’s Theory: Novice to Expert: 5 Stages of Nursing Competence
1. Novice
2. Advance Beginner
3. Competent
4. Proficient
5. Expert
33
Jean Watson’s Transpersonal Caring
humans are to be valued, cared for, respected, nurtured, understood, and assisted
(care before cure)
34
Madeleine Leininger’s Transcultural Caring
similarity and differecnces between cultures
35
Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring
identified five caring processes and defined caring as “a nurturing way of relating to a valued other toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility
36
Communication
* Channels: Auditory,
Visual,
Kinesthetic (touch)
* Reciprocal
* Requires Feedback
* Distractors
37
Forms of communication: Nonverbal
- Body language
- touch
- eye contact
- facial expression
- posture (slouching -> bored/depressed, etc.)
- gait
- gestures
- *silence (reflection)* !!!!!
- sounds
- mode of dress
- general physical
appearance (you are what
you wear)
38
Electronic Communication:
*be careful of what you post!
Social Media
Email
Text
*Remember: Privacy, Confidentiality, Posting, HIPPA
39
Levels of Communication
name 6!
*Intrapersonal: Self talk “ I can do this”
*Interpersonal: Between two or more people (close contact)
*Group communication: Small group and organizational
*Small Group: Nurses interact with 2 or more people
*Organizational: Groups within an organization
*Group dynamics: process of working together
40
Factors Influencing Communication
name 9!
*Developmental Level: stages of development, neurologic, and cognitive
*Biological sex: Men and women communicate differently
*Sociocultural differences: Language, organization
*Roles and responsibility: Occupations/don’t stereotype
*Space and Territoriality: Can influence nurse-patient relationship
*Zones: Intimate, Personal, Social, Public
*Values: Things you believe in
*Environment: How you learn to communicate
*Physical, Mental, and Emotional state
41
Documentation
Written communication between healthcare workers
42
Handoff Communication
SBAR (joint commission recommendation is SBAR)
- Situation
- Background
- Assessment
- Recommendation
43
Promote Effective Communication in the Helping Phase
- Disposition trait
- Warmth and friendliness
- Openness and respect
- Empathy
- Honesty, Authenticity, and Trust
- Caring
- Competence
44
Rapport Builders
- Facilitates open communication
- Specific objectives
- Comfortable Environment
- Privacy
- Confidentiality
- Patient versus task focus
- Optimal pacing
45
Developing Therapeutic Communication Skills
- Conversation skills: Control of your voice,
Knowledgeable, flexible, and truthful
- Listening skills: Sit, relax, alert, Pay
attention
- Touch: Powerful
- Humor: Healing
46
Assertive vs. Aggressive
*Assertive is standing up for yourself and
focus on the issue not the person
*Aggressive: forcing your opinion/
negative/uncivil
47
Responding to Disruptive Communication
- education
- zero tolerance
- accountability
- train leaders
- reporting systems
- emphasis on documentation
- ANA: Nurses and employers have an ethical, moral, and legal responsibility to create a healthy and safe work environment
48
Impaired Communication
| What contributes to this?
*name 5 things
- Visual
- Hearing
- Physical barriers
- Unconscious
- Do not speak English
49
Patient-Centered Care
- Holistic
- Taking care of patient and family
- Clinical reasoning
- Effective communication
- Handout on PCC
- Partnership between the health care provider and the patient and family
