Exam 1

Question 1

What is the neural net hypothesis?

Answer 1

the hypothesis that the nervous system is one large continuous tissue

Question 2

Who came up with the neural net hypothesis?

Answer 2

Camillo Golgi

Question 3

what is the cell hypothesis?

Answer 3

the hypothesis says that the nervous system consists of individual cells

Question 4

Who came up with the cell hypothesis?

Answer 4

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

Question 5

What is the neural doctrine?

Answer 5

the belief that neurons are cells that form the basic unit of the nervous system

Question 6

Describe the main 4 components of the neuron anatomy

Answer 6

Soma (cell body)
Dendrites
Axon
Synaptic Terminal

Question 7

Which of the two hypothesis is more widely accepted?

Answer 7

The cell hypothesis

Question 8

What is the difference between an afferent and efferent axon?

Answer 8

an afferent axon is an axon that admits neurotransmitters, which are also sensory neurons

While an efferent axon is one that sends information OUT, also a motor neuron

Question 9

What is an interneuron?

Answer 9

a type of neuron that connects the different brain regions between the CNS and PNS

Question 10

What are the four types of neurons?

Answer 10

• anaxonic
• bipolar
• multipolar
• unipolar

Question 11

What are the four types of glia?

Answer 11

• radial glia
• astrocytes
• microglia
• Schwann cells

Question 12

What is the purpose of astrocytes?

Answer 12

Is it something that wraps around a synaptic terminal and helps with mechanical and metabolic support through scaffolding

Question 13

What are Schwann cells?

Answer 13

it is something that wraps around the axon that allows damaged axons to regenerate in the PNS

Question 14

What is the difference between diffusion and electrostatic?

Answer 14

diffusion is when ions want to be from a tightly compacted area, to a less compacted.

Electrostatic are the forces that make opposite ions attract each other or repel similar ions.

Question 15

What is the resting membrane potential?

Answer 15

-70mV

Question 16

Which ions are permeable and which are NOT?

Answer 16

• Potassium (K) and Chlorine (Cl) are moderately permeable.
• Sodium (Na) is NOT permeable

Question 17

How many ions are in/out in the Na+/K+ pump?

Answer 17

3 Sodium ions are in, while 2 potassium are out

Question 18

When is an absolute refractory period?

Answer 18

It is the period where there is hyperpolarization to take the energy back to its resting potential. In this process, another action potential cannot be refired no matter the strength until the cell is back on the resting phase

Question 19

What is the relative refractory period?

Answer 19

The period right before an action potential where the cell is still relatively, negatively charged

Question 20

What does myelin do?

Answer 20

helps propagate an action potential

Question 21

What could happen if a neuron doesn’t have myelin?

Answer 21

action potentials can be slower

Question 22

What are the five steps of the chemical synapses?

Answer 22

• synthesis
• packaging
• release
• receptor activation
• Inactivation

Question 23

What is the difference between classical and peptide neurotransmitters?

Answer 23

classical NT are synthesized in the terminal button, while peptide NT are synthesized in the soma

Question 24

Which part of the cell helps with packaging neurotransmitters

Answer 24

the golgi apparatus

Question 25

What are IPSPs and EPSPs?

Answer 25

IPSPs decrease the likelihood of an action potential, while EPSPs increase that likelihood