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Biology 102 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the scientific method start with?

A

an observation

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2
Q

What are some sources of observation that might be used by a scientist?

A

through carefully surveying nature with specialized measurement tools OR by reading the scientific literature where scientists have reported previous research

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3
Q

an important step in structuring scientific inquiry

A

pose a specific question you would like to answer

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4
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

a hypothetical answer to your research question and should be in the form of a statement

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5
Q

what makes a hypothesis good

A

a hypothesis has to be testable and falsifiable

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6
Q

can we use science to answer the question “does God exist”

A

no

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7
Q

what are the 6 steps of the scientific method

A

make an observation, form a hypothesis, make a prediction, test the prediction, iterate

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8
Q

what is a prediction

A

a specific example of something that has to be true if your hypothesis is true

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9
Q

what is the ideal test of a prediction

A

a controlled experiment that has a large sample size and can be replicated by other scientists

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10
Q

what will a good scientist do if their hypothesis is supported by results

A

go back and test more predictions to increase their confidence in the validity of the first experiment

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11
Q

what will a good scientist do if their hypothesis is not supported by results

A

test a new hypothesis

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12
Q

which part of the scientific method involves a controlled experiment

A

“Test the prediction” step

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13
Q

Why might a researcher “Iterate” or continue to study the same research question after completing one experiment?

A

because the test results did not support the hypothesis so they have to come up with a new one

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14
Q

what is the benefit of prenatal genetic testing

A

early identification of certain genetic disorders allow interventions that can improve the baby’s quality of life

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15
Q

what is pku (phenylketonuria)

A

a disorder where the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is not functional

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16
Q

what is phenylalanine hydroxylase

A

a critical enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine

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17
Q

symptoms of pku

A

intellectual disabilities and seizures

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18
Q

how can pku symptoms be avoided

A

if the individual follows a strict diet that limits phenylalanine intake and supplements tyrosine

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19
Q

what critical process is facilitated by phenylalanine hydroxylase

A

enzyme helps to break phenylalanine down into tyrosine

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20
Q

what are the limits of genetic testing

A

limited to tests about health issues but in the future tests could include info about non-health related traits

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21
Q

somatic gene editing

A

cells are removed from the patient, repaired with CRISPR/Cas9 and then returned to the body

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22
Q

what does somatic gene editing target

A

genes in specific types of cells

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23
Q

are other cells affected by somatic gene editing

A

no

24
Q

germline gene editing

A

germline modifications are made early in development and any change is copied into every cell, including sperm or eggs so the edited gene is passed on to future generations

25
Q

what type of gene editing did the Chinese twins receive? when were their genes edited?

A

germline; zygote stage

26
Q

how might widespread gene editing actually make us more susceptible to infectious diseases?

A

homogenizing our genomes by keeping only alleles that we judge “the best” can rid of genetic diversity that could be beneficial in the future

27
Q

what is the equity concern related to genetic testing

A

it will create a powerful source of inequality

28
Q

when a researcher is setting up the experimental group and control group for an experiment, the one thing that differs between those two groups is the

A

independent variable

29
Q

in 2016 what percentage of STEM PhD’s were awarded to black women

A

2.2%

30
Q

how many women of color have won the nobel prize for their work in science

A

1

31
Q

what proportion of speakers at chemistry conferences are women of color

A

1 in 25

32
Q

what percentage of provosts at major research universities are women of color

A

<3%

33
Q

what are the benefits to having more diversity on research teams

A

more likely to investigate problems that disproportionately impact minorities

will have more creative approaches to solving problems

will develop a wider variety of unique research questions

will be less likely to view results with a unified set of biases

34
Q

who was niko tinbergen

A

one of the founders of the modern study of animal behavior

35
Q

how did niko tinbergen improve the field of animal behavior study

A

by using controlled experiments (deductive reasoning) when most researchers were only making observations and making untested claims (inductive reasoning)

36
Q

are the Niko Tinbergen’s four questions mutually exclusive?

A

no they are related to each other and any single behavior can be studies using all four approaches

37
Q

Niko Tinbergen’s four questions

A

causation/mechanic

developmental/ontogenetic

function/adaptive

evolution/phylogenetic

38
Q

proximate questions

A

ask how a behavior happens in an individual animal

39
Q

ultimate questions

A

ask why a behavior has evolved in a species

40
Q

which of the four questions are proximate questions

A

causation/mechanistic and developmental/ontogenetic

41
Q

which of the four questions are ultimate questions

A

function/adaptive and evolution/phylogenetic

42
Q

causation/Mechanistic

A

what stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?

43
Q

developmental/Ontogenetic

A

how does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?

44
Q

Function/Adaptive

A

how does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?

45
Q

Evolution/Phylogenetic

A

what is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

46
Q

what is the purpose of tinbergen’s four questions

A

to structure animal behavior research into four areas and approach behavior from any one of these four ways

47
Q

which of Tinbergen’s Four Questions seeks to understand which cues or gestures animals use to communicate with one another?

A

causation/mechanistic

48
Q

how do honeybees communicate the location of a food source to their hive mates?

A

they use a waggle dance, the length tells the distance, and the direction tells where to go relative to the sun

49
Q

which of Tinbergen’s Four Questions seeks to understand how your experiences growing up determine your behavior?

A

developmental/ontogenetic

50
Q

what does it mean if a bee dances straight upwards

A

food is directly in line with the sun

51
Q

what does it mean if a bee dances at a 30 degree angle to the sun

A

30 degree to the left of up tells other bees to fly 30 degree to the left of the position of the sun

52
Q

what is the hypothesized function of jealousy, according to Evolutionary Psychology?

A

jealousy is an adaptive trait that improves reproductive success by enforcing monogamy.

53
Q

what is the reasoning behind evolutionary psychology’s hypothesis

A

the nature of jealousy should differ between sexes because males need a way to guarantee that they raise their own offspring and females need a way to guarantee that the father of her children will share the duties of child rearing.

54
Q

how does kin selection favor the evolution of altruistic behaviors, such as alarm calling?

A

if you are putting yourself at risk for the benefit of a relative you’re putting yourself at risk for the fitness of someone with part of the genome; putting your genome’s fitness vicariously through an individual

55
Q

sexual selection

A

special version of selection about maximizing reproductive success

56
Q

sensory bias hypothesis

A

when a male has a mutation that causes them to have a trait that happens to trigger something that already exists in the female; pre existing bias in the females that makes males sexually attractive

Biology 102 (1 decks)

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