Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Sum of all chemical and physical changes that occur in living organisms that allow for growth and survival of the organism
A
Metabolism
2
Q
Metabolism is the balance of what two processes
A
Catabolic: breakdown, exothermic
Anabolic: buildup, endothermic, need energy
3
Q
What are these 4 processes used for: electrostatic repulsion, resonance stabilization, ionization, hydration
A
ATP having a high energy bond
4
Q
ATP is thermodynamically __________ but kinetically _______
A
unstable
stable
5
Q
What are phosphoenol pyruvate, 1,3 BPG, and Phosphocreatine used for
A
to make ATP
6
Q
What are the two major routes of ATP production
A
Substrate level phosphorylation (glycolysis)
Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)
7
Q
What is niacin’s cofactor
A
NAD+ or NADP+
8
Q
What is riboflavin’s cofactor
A
FAD, FMN
9
Q
What vitamin is derived from pyridine nucleotides
A
Niacin, Vit B3
10
Q
What vitamin is derived from flavin nucleotides
A
Riboflavin, Vit B2
11
Q
What is pantothenic acid’s cofactor
A
Acetyl CoA
12
Q
What vitamin is derived from acetyl coA
A
pantothenic acid, Vit B5
13
Q
The major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and end with ________
A
glucose
14
Q
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called what
A
glycogenolysis
15
Q
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate is called
A
glycolysis
16
Q
The breakdown of pyruvate into lactate is called
A
anaerobic conditions
17
Q
The buildup of lactate into pyruvate is called
A
lactic acid cycle (Cori Cycle)
18
Q
The buildup of pyruvate into glucose is called
A
gluconeogenesis
19
Q
The buildup of glucose into glycogen is called
A
glycogenesis
20
Q
Glycolysis can occur in the presence or absence of _______
A
oxygen
21
Q
What is the net result of ATP from glycolyis
A
2 ATP
22
Q
Electrons are transferred from substrate to NAD+ in the form of a _________ _______ to form NADH
A
hydride ion (H:-)
23
Q
In order for glycolysis to continue, NADH must be converted back into ______
A
NAD+
24
Q
Where does glycolysis occur
A
cytosol
25
Where does pyruvate dehydrogenase, tricarboxylic acid, and ETC occur
mitochondria
26
In absence of O2 the 2NADH made during glycolysis are used by lactate dehydrogenase to convert pyruvate into ______
lactate (lactic acid)
27
What organ deals with lactate produced in the muscles during anaerobic conditions
liver
28
The liver converts lactate back into ______ and then converts the ______ back into glucose called gluconeogenesis
pyruvate
pyruvate
(cori cycle)
29
In prokaryotes the 2NADH made during glycolysis are used by alcohol dehydrogenase to convert acetaldehyde into what
ethanol
30
Yeast has a pyruvate decarboxylase enzyme to convert pyruvate into ethanol do humans have the same enzyme
no, humans can not convert pyruvate into ethanol instead we have alcohol dehydrogenase for ethanol metabolism
31
The first 5 steps in glycolysis consumes how many ATP
2
32
What are the three steps in glycolysis that are regulated
Hexokinase (1st step)
Phosphofructokinase (PFK; committed step, 3)
Pyruvate Kinase (PK; Exit Step, 10)
33
How is the first step of glycolysis (hexokinase) regulated
Glucose -> G6P
if there is a lot of G6P then it will be slower to phosphorylate more glucose to make more G6P
34
What is the first step of glycolysis
glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
enzyme: hexokinase
35
What is the second step of glycolysis
glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
enzyme: phosphohexose isomerase
36
What is the third step of glycolysis
fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1-6-bisphosphate
enzyme: phosphofructose kinase
37
What is the fourth step of glycolysis
fructose 1-6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glycerALDEHYDE 3-phosphate
enzyme: aldolase
38
What is the fifth step of glycolysis
dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerALDEHYDE 3-phosphate
enzyme: triose phosphate isomerase
39
What is the sixth step of glycolysis
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
enzyme: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
40
What is the seventh step of glycolysis
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase
41
What is the eighth step of glycolysis
3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
enzyme: phosphoglycerate mutase
42
What is the ninth step of glycolysis
2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
enzyme: enolase
43
What is the tenth step of glycolysis
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
enzyme: pyruvate kinase
44
What cycle is when lactate is supposed to go to liver to be converted back to pyruvate and then go through gluconeogensis to make glucose again
Cori cycle
45
Is lactic acid is not removed then it decreases your pH which leads to what
acidosis, decreased brain function, coma
46
PPP: If the need for NADPH and Ribose 5 P are equal what happens
Go though oxidative phase then 1st conversion reaction and stop
47
PPP: Need ribose 5 P but not NADPH what happens
Do not go through oxidative phase instead take G6P and go backwards through interconversion
48
PPP: Need NADPH and ATP but not ribose
Go though oxidative phase then all of interconversion and then send fructose 6 phosphate and GAP into glycolysis, TCA(citric acid cycle), ETC
49
PPP: NEED NADPH but not ribose and not ATP
Go though oxidative ohase then all of interconversion and then send fructose 6 phosphate and GAP into gluconeogenesis and repeat
50
Symptoms of G6PD deficiency
black colored urine
low RBC and low hemoglobin
elevated bilirubin
51
What are the 4 reasons why ATP contains stored energy
ionization
hydration
electrostatic repulsion
resonance stabilization
52
What 3 compounds have a higher delta G of hydrolysis and can be used to make ATP
PEP
1,3-BPG
Phosphocreatine
53
What are the 3 major routes of ATP production
Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
54
What are the 4 different fates of pyruvate
alanine
acetyl coA
lactate
oxaloacetate
55
Glucose is the major fuel for what
the brain
56
If oxygen is low how is NAD+ regenerated in eukaryotes
Glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 Lactates
57
If oxygen is low how is NAD+ regenerated in prokaryotes
fermentation
58
What does kinase do
add phosphate (phosphorylates)
59
What does isomerase do
changes ketose to aldose ot aldose to ketose
60
What does aldolase do
cleaves bonds
61
What does dehydrogenase do
remove hydrogen by oxidation (remove water)
62
What does mutase do
moves a functional group
63
What does enolase do
dehydration to enol form
64
Why is GDP trapped in a cell
negative charge
65
What is the most important regulatory step in glycolysis
committed step
reaction 3
phosphofructokinase (PFK)
66
What happens if glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is inactivated
glycolysis stops
67
Why can 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate yield ATP
higher free energy than ATP
68
The loss of water in reaction 9 creates what
PEP (yields ATP because it is high energy)
69
The first step via hexokinase is regulated by what
Product Inhibition
70
What are the committed step inhibitors
high ATP
creatine
71
What are the committed step regulators
high AMP
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
72
Galacatose is converted to G6P by what pathway
leloir
73
What happens if there is extra fructose in a diet
Depletes liver of Pi (inorganic phosphate) causing decrease in ATP production
74
What happens if an individual is missing aldolase B enzyme
hereditary fructose intolerance (accumulates fructose)
75
Where does gluconeogenesis occur and not occur
occur: liver
not: brain
76
What are the materials we can use to generate glucose
lactate -> pyruvate
amino acid -> pyruvate -> oxaloacetate
glycerol -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
77
Why can't fatty acids be used to make glucose
converted to Acetyl coA
78
What are the 4 different reactions in gluconeogensis when compared to glycolysis
reaction 1, 2, 9, 11
79
Why is it bad to eat raw eggs
Avidin covalently bind to biotin (causing body to not be able to absorb it)
80
In the PEP carboxylase reaction what is used instead of ATP
GTP
81
Muscle cells do not have what enzyme so glucose stays there
glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)
82
we get __ ATPs from glycolysis, but use __ ATPs from gluvoneogenesis
2
6
83
The pyruvate carboxylase reaction is regulated by what ALLOSTERICALLY
acetyl coA
84
The PEP carboxylase reaction is ALLOSTERICALLY inhibited by what
ADP
85
Insulin ______ amount of enzyme and glucagon ______ it
decrease
increase
86
The fructose 1,6 BP reaction is inhibited by what 3 things
AMP
F-2,6-BP (Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate)
Insulin
87
What two things activate the fructose 1,6 BP reaction
Glucagon
Citrate
88
The G6P (in ER of liver) is activated by what
G6P
89
High acetyl coA levels lead to _________, which is ______ synthesis in the liver
cirrhosis
fat
90
EtOH metabolism can also cause _____________ after exercise or not eating
exercise
91
The PPP occurs un the __________
cytosol
92
What are the two goals of PPP
NADPH
Ribose
93
NADH is made in _______ reactions and used to make ATP
catabolic
94
NADPH is made in _____ used in anabolic biosynthesis reactions
PPP
95
What is the committed step in PPP
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Rxn 1)
96
What is the regulatory enzyme of the PPP
G6P Dehydrogenase
97
What are the 3 things that control the stopping point of the PPP
Ribose 5 phosphate
NADPH
ATP
98
GSH (glutathione) is an ____________
antioxidant
99
What is the three purposes of GSH (glutathione)
serves as a reductant
conjugates to drugs to make them water soluble
induced in A.A. transport across the cell membrane
100
Defective G6P dehydrogenase means that not enough ______ is made, which leads to a ________ in active GSH
NADPH
decrease
101
Individuals with defective G6P dehydrogenase can not produce sufficient GSH to cope with the added ROS from ingestion of oxidative agents. The hemoglobin becomes cross-linked so that ________ ________ are formed and cell lysis or ___________ occurs
heinz bodies
hemolysis
