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z S1: Bio Chem 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sum of all chemical and physical changes that occur in living organisms that allow for growth and survival of the organism

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Metabolism is the balance of what two processes

A

Catabolic: breakdown, exothermic
Anabolic: buildup, endothermic, need energy

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3
Q

What are these 4 processes used for: electrostatic repulsion, resonance stabilization, ionization, hydration

A

ATP having a high energy bond

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4
Q

ATP is thermodynamically __________ but kinetically _______

A

unstable
stable

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5
Q

What are phosphoenol pyruvate, 1,3 BPG, and Phosphocreatine used for

A

to make ATP

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6
Q

What are the two major routes of ATP production

A

Substrate level phosphorylation (glycolysis)
Oxidative phosphorylation (ETC)

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7
Q

What is niacin’s cofactor

A

NAD+ or NADP+

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8
Q

What is riboflavin’s cofactor

A

FAD, FMN

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9
Q

What vitamin is derived from pyridine nucleotides

A

Niacin, Vit B3

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10
Q

What vitamin is derived from flavin nucleotides

A

Riboflavin, Vit B2

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11
Q

What is pantothenic acid’s cofactor

A

Acetyl CoA

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12
Q

What vitamin is derived from acetyl coA

A

pantothenic acid, Vit B5

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13
Q

The major pathways of carbohydrate metabolism and end with ________

A

glucose

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14
Q

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose is called what

A

glycogenolysis

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15
Q

The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate is called

A

glycolysis

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16
Q

The breakdown of pyruvate into lactate is called

A

anaerobic conditions

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17
Q

The buildup of lactate into pyruvate is called

A

lactic acid cycle (Cori Cycle)

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18
Q

The buildup of pyruvate into glucose is called

A

gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

The buildup of glucose into glycogen is called

A

glycogenesis

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20
Q

Glycolysis can occur in the presence or absence of _______

A

oxygen

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21
Q

What is the net result of ATP from glycolyis

A

2 ATP

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22
Q

Electrons are transferred from substrate to NAD+ in the form of a _________ _______ to form NADH

A

hydride ion (H:-)

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23
Q

In order for glycolysis to continue, NADH must be converted back into ______

A

NAD+

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24
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

cytosol

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25
Q

Where does pyruvate dehydrogenase, tricarboxylic acid, and ETC occur

A

mitochondria

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26
Q

In absence of O2 the 2NADH made during glycolysis are used by lactate dehydrogenase to convert pyruvate into ______

A

lactate (lactic acid)

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27
Q

What organ deals with lactate produced in the muscles during anaerobic conditions

A

liver

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28
Q

The liver converts lactate back into ______ and then converts the ______ back into glucose called gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate
pyruvate
(cori cycle)

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29
Q

In prokaryotes the 2NADH made during glycolysis are used by alcohol dehydrogenase to convert acetaldehyde into what

A

ethanol

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30
Q

Yeast has a pyruvate decarboxylase enzyme to convert pyruvate into ethanol do humans have the same enzyme

A

no, humans can not convert pyruvate into ethanol instead we have alcohol dehydrogenase for ethanol metabolism

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31
Q

The first 5 steps in glycolysis consumes how many ATP

A

2

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32
Q

What are the three steps in glycolysis that are regulated

A

Hexokinase (1st step)
Phosphofructokinase (PFK; committed step, 3)
Pyruvate Kinase (PK; Exit Step, 10)

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33
Q

How is the first step of glycolysis (hexokinase) regulated

A

Glucose -> G6P
if there is a lot of G6P then it will be slower to phosphorylate more glucose to make more G6P

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34
Q

What is the first step of glycolysis

A

glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
enzyme: hexokinase

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35
Q

What is the second step of glycolysis

A

glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate
enzyme: phosphohexose isomerase

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36
Q

What is the third step of glycolysis

A

fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1-6-bisphosphate
enzyme: phosphofructose kinase

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37
Q

What is the fourth step of glycolysis

A

fructose 1-6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glycerALDEHYDE 3-phosphate
enzyme: aldolase

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38
Q

What is the fifth step of glycolysis

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glycerALDEHYDE 3-phosphate
enzyme: triose phosphate isomerase

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39
Q

What is the sixth step of glycolysis

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate
enzyme: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

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40
Q

What is the seventh step of glycolysis

A

1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase

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41
Q

What is the eighth step of glycolysis

A

3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate
enzyme: phosphoglycerate mutase

42
Q

What is the ninth step of glycolysis

A

2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate
enzyme: enolase

43
Q

What is the tenth step of glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
enzyme: pyruvate kinase

44
Q

What cycle is when lactate is supposed to go to liver to be converted back to pyruvate and then go through gluconeogensis to make glucose again

A

Cori cycle

45
Q

Is lactic acid is not removed then it decreases your pH which leads to what

A

acidosis, decreased brain function, coma

46
Q

PPP: If the need for NADPH and Ribose 5 P are equal what happens

A

Go though oxidative phase then 1st conversion reaction and stop

47
Q

PPP: Need ribose 5 P but not NADPH what happens

A

Do not go through oxidative phase instead take G6P and go backwards through interconversion

48
Q

PPP: Need NADPH and ATP but not ribose

A

Go though oxidative phase then all of interconversion and then send fructose 6 phosphate and GAP into glycolysis, TCA(citric acid cycle), ETC

49
Q

PPP: NEED NADPH but not ribose and not ATP

A

Go though oxidative ohase then all of interconversion and then send fructose 6 phosphate and GAP into gluconeogenesis and repeat

50
Q

Symptoms of G6PD deficiency

A

black colored urine
low RBC and low hemoglobin
elevated bilirubin

51
Q

What are the 4 reasons why ATP contains stored energy

A

ionization
hydration
electrostatic repulsion
resonance stabilization

52
Q

What 3 compounds have a higher delta G of hydrolysis and can be used to make ATP

A

PEP
1,3-BPG
Phosphocreatine

53
Q

What are the 3 major routes of ATP production

A

Substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation

54
Q

What are the 4 different fates of pyruvate

A

alanine
acetyl coA
lactate
oxaloacetate

55
Q

Glucose is the major fuel for what

A

the brain

56
Q

If oxygen is low how is NAD+ regenerated in eukaryotes

A

Glucose -> 2 pyruvate -> 2 Lactates

57
Q

If oxygen is low how is NAD+ regenerated in prokaryotes

A

fermentation

58
Q

What does kinase do

A

add phosphate (phosphorylates)

59
Q

What does isomerase do

A

changes ketose to aldose ot aldose to ketose

60
Q

What does aldolase do

A

cleaves bonds

61
Q

What does dehydrogenase do

A

remove hydrogen by oxidation (remove water)

62
Q

What does mutase do

A

moves a functional group

63
Q

What does enolase do

A

dehydration to enol form

64
Q

Why is GDP trapped in a cell

A

negative charge

65
Q

What is the most important regulatory step in glycolysis

A

committed step
reaction 3
phosphofructokinase (PFK)

66
Q

What happens if glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is inactivated

A

glycolysis stops

67
Q

Why can 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate yield ATP

A

higher free energy than ATP

68
Q

The loss of water in reaction 9 creates what

A

PEP (yields ATP because it is high energy)

69
Q

The first step via hexokinase is regulated by what

A

Product Inhibition

70
Q

What are the committed step inhibitors

A

high ATP
creatine

71
Q

What are the committed step regulators

A

high AMP
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate

72
Q

Galacatose is converted to G6P by what pathway

A

leloir

73
Q

What happens if there is extra fructose in a diet

A

Depletes liver of Pi (inorganic phosphate) causing decrease in ATP production

74
Q

What happens if an individual is missing aldolase B enzyme

A

hereditary fructose intolerance (accumulates fructose)

75
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur and not occur

A

occur: liver
not: brain

76
Q

What are the materials we can use to generate glucose

A

lactate -> pyruvate
amino acid -> pyruvate -> oxaloacetate
glycerol -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

77
Q

Why can’t fatty acids be used to make glucose

A

converted to Acetyl coA

78
Q

What are the 4 different reactions in gluconeogensis when compared to glycolysis

A

reaction 1, 2, 9, 11

79
Q

Why is it bad to eat raw eggs

A

Avidin covalently bind to biotin (causing body to not be able to absorb it)

80
Q

In the PEP carboxylase reaction what is used instead of ATP

A

GTP

81
Q

Muscle cells do not have what enzyme so glucose stays there

A

glucose-6-phosphate (G6P)

82
Q

we get __ ATPs from glycolysis, but use __ ATPs from gluvoneogenesis

A

2
6

83
Q

The pyruvate carboxylase reaction is regulated by what ALLOSTERICALLY

A

acetyl coA

84
Q

The PEP carboxylase reaction is ALLOSTERICALLY inhibited by what

A

ADP

85
Q

Insulin ______ amount of enzyme and glucagon ______ it

A

decrease
increase

86
Q

The fructose 1,6 BP reaction is inhibited by what 3 things

A

AMP
F-2,6-BP (Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate)
Insulin

87
Q

What two things activate the fructose 1,6 BP reaction

A

Glucagon
Citrate

88
Q

The G6P (in ER of liver) is activated by what

A

G6P

89
Q

High acetyl coA levels lead to _________, which is ______ synthesis in the liver

A

cirrhosis
fat

90
Q

EtOH metabolism can also cause _____________ after exercise or not eating

A

exercise

91
Q

The PPP occurs un the __________

A

cytosol

92
Q

What are the two goals of PPP

A

NADPH
Ribose

93
Q

NADH is made in _______ reactions and used to make ATP

A

catabolic

94
Q

NADPH is made in _____ used in anabolic biosynthesis reactions

A

PPP

95
Q

What is the committed step in PPP

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (Rxn 1)

96
Q

What is the regulatory enzyme of the PPP

A

G6P Dehydrogenase

97
Q

What are the 3 things that control the stopping point of the PPP

A

Ribose 5 phosphate
NADPH
ATP

98
Q

GSH (glutathione) is an ____________

A

antioxidant

99
Q

What is the three purposes of GSH (glutathione)

A

serves as a reductant
conjugates to drugs to make them water soluble
induced in A.A. transport across the cell membrane

100
Q

Defective G6P dehydrogenase means that not enough ______ is made, which leads to a ________ in active GSH

A

NADPH
decrease

101
Q

Individuals with defective G6P dehydrogenase can not produce sufficient GSH to cope with the added ROS from ingestion of oxidative agents. The hemoglobin becomes cross-linked so that ________ ________ are formed and cell lysis or ___________ occurs

A

heinz bodies
hemolysis

z S1: Bio Chem 2 (3 decks)

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