exam 1 Flashcards
Phoenicians
- First accomplished sailors - trade routes hugged coast
- sailed the coast of Africa
- Trade routes in Mediterranean, Africa, red sea, black sea, E. Atlantic, Indian Ocean
- Developed modern technology
Murex
sea snail produced purple dye
Tyrian Purple
Aristotle
Father of Natural history
1st marine Biologist
credit for 16 species
The dark ages
Only in Europe
knowledge of ancient Greeks lost or distorted
Vikings cont. exploring N. America
Arab traders explore Africa/Asia
Christopher Columbus
used sextant, compass, and maps to explore
Ferdinand Magellan
Circumnavigated the globe
Modern Exploration
Explored to discover new world – not just trade routes
- had more accurate maps
- naturalist onboard
James Cook
Sailed to Antarctica, new Zealand, Tahiti, etc.
Died in Hawaii (unpleasant encounter with locals)
1768 - 1779
Charles Darwin
HMS Beagle (1831-1836)
- note on species
-writes origin of species (sits on it for awhile ‘cause church)
Wilkes Expedition
- First international survey sponsored by U.S.
- 10,000 + biological specimen recorded (2,000 new of)
- explored/charted PNW
- charted coast of Antarctic
- explored 200 + islands
1838 - 1842
HMS Challenger
- 1st pure science expedition
- 19 years to puplish all data - 50 volumes
- discovery challenger deep
Diving Bells
inverted cup
Confederate submarine
crew of 8 - short
crank would propel
sank 3 time killing crew
Sonar
waves
S.C.U.B.A.
Invented by Emily Gagnan & Jacques Cousteau
1st production of aqua lung
limitation Lose of heat - air bubbles can kill
ROV
Remote operated vehicle
HOV
Human Operated Vehicle
(Alvin discover titanic)
AUV
Automatic underwater vehicle
Seaglides
- operates in cold climate
- explore arti
- 6 month trip
- uses beacon to navigate
-untethered
FLIP
Floating Instrument Platform
- stable - little movement of drift
helps navy
Aquarius
Underwater lab
Critter cans
Attaches to creature and records audio and video
scientific method
Observations - verified by others – lead to? falsifiable – factors measure/controllable
1. Hypothesis
2. design
3. evaluate results
4. formulate logical conclusion
water
human body - 60%
marine organism - 80%
Sea jelly - 95%
heat storage - temp. changes slowly and hold temp. well
Ice formation - less dense ‘cause hydrogen bond hold molecules apart
High temp. - water bond break
Seawater - 2 places
- rocks on land
- earth interior - volcanos
PSU - Practical Salinity units
avg. ocean - 35 PSU
red sea - 40 PSU
Baltic - 7PSU
Pacific - 34.5 PSU
changes via evaporation, freezing, and precipitation
Composition of sea water
- Chloride
- sodium
- sulfate
- Magnesium
Thermocline
A transition layer of water, with a steeper vertical temp. Gradient than found in layers of ocean - or It gets cold quickly
Water Color
water acts a filter blue being most prominent
Coriolis Effect
force due to earth rotation
N. Hemisphere goes right - S. goes left
trade winds 300 north/south best sailing
Doldrums = death
Ekman’s Spiral
wind pushes water 45 degrees
layer below move 45 degrees and so on
The Great Pacific Garbage Heap
In the name
The great Ocean Conveyor
Deep circulation below 5000 ft.
4,000 years to circulate
mix world ocean
depth would fluctuate with water density
Intertidal zone
Ocean meets land
daily fluctuations
salinity - temp. - light - humidity - food - exposure to predators - wave action
Spring tides
Sun, moon, earth in line
extremely high/low
Neap tides
sun, earth, moon 90 degrees
less intense highs and lows
Tides
Diurnal (1 high and low)
Semidiurnal ( 1 high high and low low
Mixed semidiurnal (1)
Bacteria and Algae
rule
Asexual
fission Splits in to 2
Budding Identical organisam
Parthenogenesis
Embryo without fertilization
like that shark
Hermaphroditic
male to female if necessary
Hermaphroditism
female to male
Simultaneous hermaphrodite
throw it around like sperm broadcasting
