Exam 1

Question 1

Argument are either

Answer 1

valid/invalid or strong/weak

Question 2

Statements are either

Answer 2

true or false

Question 3

Terms are either

Answer 3

clear or ambiguous

Question 4

Premise indicators

Answer 4

since, because, for, given that, assuming that, etc

Question 5

Conclusion indicators

Answer 5

so, thus, therefore, consequently, hence, which means that etc

Question 6

Validity

Answer 6

if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true

Question 7

Soundness

Answer 7

valid + all premises are true

Question 8

A valid argument does not necessarily mean…

Answer 8

that the premises are actually in reality true

Question 9

Extensional Definitions

Answer 9

list EXamples; dog-labrador, joes pet, german shepherd

Question 10

Ostensive Definition

Answer 10

literally involves pointing to members ; pointing to a dog and saying “dog”

Question 11

Enumerative Defintions

Answer 11

lists every individual (not kinds) ; like listing all southern states in the US

Question 12

Subclass Defintion

Answer 12

lists every kind or group (not individuals)

Question 13

Intensional Definition

Answer 13

indicates the characteristics a think MUST have in order to be considered a member of the clas; ex) dog: mammal, four legged, domesticated etc

Question 14

Lexical Definition

Answer 14

traditional, customary, or common use (dictionary definition)

Question 15

Theoretical Definition

Answer 15

tries to express a perfect understanding of the essence of what the term is talking about

Question 16

Genus + Difference =

Answer 16

lexical defintion

Question 17

Equivocation

Answer 17

shifts the meaning of a term from 1 to another

Question 18

Amphiboly

Answer 18

like misunderstading something; a statement was meant in one way but interepreted differently

Question 19

Composition

Answer 19

make a claim about the parts and then conclude that the whole must be the same; part to whole; taking something that is individual and applying it to the whole group; all parts of this plane are light, so the whole plane is light

Question 20

Division

Answer 20

whole to part; if the group believes something then the individual also believes it;

Question 21

Quantifier Shifts

Answer 21

premise may be about many, but the conclusoin is about a single thing

Question 22

Token Type Shift

Answer 22

talking about a type but the reader/listener thought it was about individuals

Question 23

A Statement

Answer 23

all S are P; universal affirmative

Question 24

E Statement

Answer 24

No S are P; universal negative

Question 25

I Statement

Answer 25

Some S are P; particular affirmative

Question 26

O Statement

Answer 26

Some S are not P; particular negative

Question 27

Simple Conversion

Answer 27

swap the subject and predicate; ONLY VALID on E and I statements;

Question 28

Conversion by limitation

Answer 28

swap the subject and the predicate of A; change quantity from All to Some; only applies to A statements (which become I); ex) all dogs are animals. So,, some animals are dogs

Question 29

Obversion

Answer 29

change the quality from affirm to negate (or vice versa); replace the predicate term with it term-complement; valid for ALL statement ; A becomes E (vice versa), I becomes O (vice versa); ex0 some dog are not brown things. So, some dogs are non-brown things.

Question 30

Partial Contraposition

Answer 30

O-C; INVALID for I; A becomes E; E becomes I; and O becomes I; ex) All dogs are animals. So, no non-animals are dogs.

Question 31

Full Contraposition

Answer 31

O-C-O; replace the subject with the term-complement of the predicate; replace the predicate with the term complement of the subject; ONLY APPLIES to A and O; ex) all dogs are animals. So all nonanimals are nondogs

Question 32

Partial Conversion

Answer 32

C-O; A becomes O (By limitation); E becomes A; I becomes O; INVALID for O; ex) some dogs are brown things. So, some brown things are no nondogs

Question 33

Full Inversion

Answer 33

C-O-C; ONLY valid for E which becomes I