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Biochem 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of enzymes do phosphorylation?

Isomerization (rearranging of atoms)?

Mutation (shiftin a group on a molecule?

Synthesis (building or reducing)?

A

Kinases

Isomerases

Mutases

Synthetases

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2
Q

How are dehydrogenates named and what do they work with?

A

Names after what they oxidize!!!

Work with NAD or FAD

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3
Q

What is a derivative of niacin and accepts/donates electrons?

Derivative of riboflavin and accepts/donates electrons?

Dereviative of pantothenic acid, holds and transfers acetyl or acyl groups, makes thirster bond.

A

NAD

FAD

Coenzyme A

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4
Q

What does NADH and FADH2 ONLY do?

What does coenzyme A do?

A

Accept and donate electrons

Universal carrier of acyl groups

When CoA breaks off, it liberates a lot of energy which can be coupled to another reaction

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5
Q

WHat does high energy charge mean?

low energy charge?

What is the value range for energy charge?

Average charge for most cells ?

A

Cell has LOTS of ATP

Cell has LESS ATP

0 (all AMP) to 1 (all ATP)

0.80 to 0.95

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6
Q

What does the presence of AMP stimulate?

A

A powerful enzyme AMPkinase!

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7
Q

What does a High energy charge tell the cell to build?

Low energy charge tells cell to create ATP and…

A

Build fat, glycogen, glucose, cholesterol and nucleotides

Run the phosphocreatine system, glycolysis, fat oxidation, amino acid oxidation, aerobic system

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8
Q

How much energy is released when the bond between ATP phosphate group is broken? What allows them to occur?

A

DeltaG = -7.3 kcal/mol

energy is often coupled to less favorable ractions

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9
Q

ATP molecule is consumed within a minute of its creation T or F

Consume about 40 kg of ATP at rest every day

Over a pound of ATP utilized every minute of exercise

A

True, True, True

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10
Q

Which of the following inhibits ___ enzyme??? Possible answers on test?

A

ATP

High Energy Charge

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11
Q

If there is more reactant what happens to the enzyme rate?

More Product?

A

Faster enzyme rate

Slower Enzyme rate

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12
Q

What lowers blood glucose to baseline values and increases glucose in fat and muscle cells?

What increases blood glucose levels, causes liver to release glucose from storage, and causes liver to make glucose?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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13
Q

The presence or absence of what drives cell activity?

A

ATP

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14
Q

What are the three systems used to recreate ATP?

A

ATP - PC System
Phosphagen system & Creatine Phosphate system

Glycolysis
Anaerobic Glycolysis

Aerobic System
Krebs Cycle and ETC

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15
Q

Describe the ATP-PC system

A

Coupled Reaction

Fast replacement of ATP

Short duration (5-10 sec.)

Predominates in short explosive activity

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16
Q

WHat does a coupled reaction mean?

What what happens in the ATP-PC system? (equation)

A

Two things happening at once

ADP + Creatine Phosphate –> ATP + Creatine

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17
Q

What is the key enzyme for the regulation of the ATP-PC system?

What inhibits the pathway?

What stimulates the pathway?

A

Creatine Kinase

Excess products of ATP and Creatine

Excess reactants of ADP, AMP and Creatine Phosphate?

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18
Q

ATP-PC System Location?

Product?

Reactants?

Key Enzyme?

A

Cytosol

ATP and Creatine

AMP ADP and Creatine Phosphate

Creatine Kinase

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19
Q

What is the difference between Fast and Slow Glycolysis?

A

Fast: pyruvate is converted into lactic acid

Slow: Pyruvate -> Mitochondria -> aerobic metabolism

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20
Q

What determines whether lactic acid is made or if pyruvate is sent to the aerobic system?

A

Capacity of persons aerobic system and level of exercise preformed

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21
Q

What is the main product for glycolysis regulation?

Additional products?

Rate limiting enzyme?

A

ATP

Pyruvate, Lactic Acid, Alanine, NADH

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

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22
Q

Increased AMP, ADP, P, and Ammonia will do what to glycolysis?

Increased ATP, Creatine Phosphate, and Decreased PH will do what?

A

Stimulate Glycolysis!

Inhibit Glycolysis!

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23
Q

Glycolysis Location?

Products?

Reactants?

Key Enzymes?

A

Cytosol

ATP, NADH, Pyruvate, Lactic Acid, Alanine,

Glucose, ADP, AMP, Pi

Hexokinase, PFK, Pyruvate Kinase…..Glycolysis all kinases!

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24
Q

What are the two components of the Aerobic System?

What three things are oxidized?

A

Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

Carbs, Fat, Proteins

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25
Q

At rest, what percent of ATP is metabolized from Fat?

From Carbs?

A

70%

30%

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26
Q

Aerobic System Pathways?

Location?

Products?

Reactants?

Key Enzymes?

A

Krebs Cycle and ETC

Mitochondria

ATP, NADH, FADH2

Fat, Carbs, Protein, ADP, AMP, Pi, Acetyl, Citrate, NAD, FAD

Dehydrogenases!

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27
Q

What is Respiratory Quotient? “RQ”

A

Number that tells you what percentage of energy is coming from fat or carbs? Its a ration of volume of CO2 expired to the volume of O2 consumed.

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28
Q

WHen does peak fat burning occur?

A

at 50-60%$ maximal aerobic capacity.

Intense excersise will decrease the percentage and amount of fat burned, but the absolute may be more!

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29
Q

What does High RQ equal?

A

Exercise. Increased RQ means more carbs and fat are being burned. Higher RQ imply that greater percentage of calories is being burned by Carbs. Only at very high RQ does absolute amount of fat burning decrease.

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30
Q

What is the purpose of Glycolysis?

What is the fate of glucose?

A

To break down glucose to yield precursors to aerobic system.

Either turned into ATP or Precursor Molecules for Aerobic metabolism

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31
Q

Describe the first half of glycolysis

Second Half

A

Bring glucose into cell and trap it by adding a P. Then change it to an “energy rich sugar” Fructose biphosphate that can be broke in half and can make ATP

Get ATP by splitting molecule in two and use free energy to re-create ATP. Then Create an end product that can be further oxidized (Pyruvate)

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32
Q

What is the first step in Glycolysis? What process is it and what enzyme.

A

Glucose + ATP –> Glucose 6-phosphate + ADP +H

This is a phosphorylization done by hexokinase or glucokinase.

33
Q

What is the second step in Glycolysis?

Process name and enzyme used?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate –> Fructose 6-phosphate

Isomerization by Phosphoglucose isomerase

34
Q

What is the third step in glycolysis?

Process and enzyme used?

A

Fructose 6-phosphate + ATP –> Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Phosphorylization by Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

35
Q

What is the difference between bisphosphate and diphosphate?

A

Bis = implies two separate phosphates

Di = two joined phosphates

36
Q

What is the rate limiting step in Glycolysis?

A

PFK

37
Q

What is the 4th step in Glycolysis?

Process and Enzyme?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate –> Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate AND Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate

Split. Aldolase

38
Q

What is the 5th step in GLycolysis?

What is special after this step?

A

The Dihydroxyacetone created in last step gets turned into another Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate

Isomerization, Triose Phosphate Isomerase

NOW WE HAVE TWO GLYCERALDEHYDE-3-Phosphates so after this all reactions happen TWO times for each molecule.

39
Q

6th step in GLycolysis?

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 Phosphate –> 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate

Oxidative Phosphorylation via G3P Dedydrogenase
NAD+P –>NADH +H

THIS HAPPENS 2X

40
Q

7th step in Glycolysis?

A

1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate –> 3-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoglycerate Kinase. Creating ATP cuz ADP steals one P

THIS HAPPENS 2X

41
Q

8th step in Glycolysis?

A

3-Phosphoglycerate –> 2-Phosphoglycerate

Mutation. Phosphoglycerate Mutase

HAPPENS TWICE

42
Q

9th step in Glycolysis?

A

2-Phosphoglycerate –> Phosphoenolpyruvate

Dehydration. Enolase.

HAPPENS TWICE

43
Q

Final Step in GLycolysis?

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate –> Pyruvate
ADP –> ATP

Irreversible RXN. Pyruvate Kinase

44
Q

What three things Inhibit or decrease activity of PFK?

What inhibits Hexokinase?

A

ATP, Decreased pH and Citrate

Inhibition of PFK

45
Q

What four things MUST be memorized about Glucokinase?

A

Stimulated by insulin
Stimulated by fructose
High Km (takes more reactant to go faster)
NOT inhibited by its product (glucose-6-phosphate)

46
Q

What must be remembered about glucagon?

A

If present then glucose is gone so ALL aspects of glycolysis are slowed down.

47
Q

What happens to pyruvate when glycolysis runs fast? (when exercising for example)

What is the equation for this?

A

Converted into Lactate by Lactate Dehydrogenase.

Pyruvate + NADH –> Lactate + NAD+

48
Q

What are the effects if Lactic acid is produced?

A

Moderate production of lactate speeds up glycolysis and not enough of a drop in pH to inhibit PFK. More NAD+ produced to stimulate G3P dehydrogenase

Large production of lactate inhibits glycolysis cuz significant drop in pH which inhibits PFK

49
Q

What is the purpose of the Krebs’s Cycle?

A

Takes in Fats, Carbs, Proteins and oxidizes them via Dehydrogenase enzymes

Produces reduced compounds NADH and FADH2

50
Q

Describe the overview of energy metabolism in 6 steps

A

We consume macronutrients

We oxidize them down

We make reduced compounds

We breath in Oxygen

Oxygen accepts electrons

In oxygen’s reduction we make ATP

51
Q

Describe how each macronutrient enters the Kreb’s cycle

A

Carbs: after glycolysis and a prep step they enter as acetyl CoA

Fat: after running through Beta Oxidation enters as acetyl CoA

Protein: Each AA is unique in how it enters.

52
Q

Describe the Preparation Step between Glycolysis and Krebs

Which Enzyme?

WHERE does this occur?

A

Pyruvate + CoA –> Acetyl CoA
NAD –> NADH

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex

53
Q

Describe what takes place at the entry point (first Step) of Kreb’s Cycle. The reaction and the enzyme

A

Acetyl CoA + Oxaloacetate –> Citric Acid

Citrate Synthase

54
Q

Describe Step two of the Kreb’s Cycle

A

Citric Acid –> Cis Aconitate (unstable) –> Isocitric Acid

Enzyme Aconitase

55
Q

Describe the 3rd Step in Krebs Cycle

A

Isocitric Acid –> Oxalosuccinate (unstable) –> Alpha-ketogluterate

Enzyme Isocitrate Dehydrogenase

56
Q

4th Step in Kreb’s Cycle

A

Alpha-ketogluterate –>Succinyl CoA
NAD–>NADH

Enzyme alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase complex

57
Q

5th step of Krebs?

WHat is special about this step?

A

Succinyl CoA –> Succinate
GDP+P –> GTP

Enzyme Succinate Thiokinase or Succinyl CoA Synthetase

ONE REACTION in krebs where direct yield of a high energy phosphate bond

This is because cleaving the thioeter bond of succinyl CoA releases a LOT of energy to

58
Q

Which of the following contains a thioester bond?

A

CoEnzyme A

59
Q

GTP to ATP is easy conversion. What does it? enzyme

A

Nucleoside Diphosphokinase

60
Q

6th step in Krebs

A

Succinate –> Fumarate
FAD–>FADH2

Succinate Dehydrogenase

61
Q

7th Step in Krebs

A

Fumarate –> Malate

Fumarase

62
Q

8th Step in Krebs?

A

Malate –> Oxaloacetate
NAD–>NADH

Malate Dehydrogenase

63
Q

Is krebs considered Aerobic?

A

YES even though Oxygen not used. but NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to ETC with Oxygen as ultimate E receptor!

64
Q

Anaplerotic vs Cataplerotic?

A

Giving substrates to the cycle vs taking substrates from the cycle

65
Q

High concentrations of which THREE things will INHIBIT Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

High NADH/NAD
High Acetyl CoA/CoA These are ratios????
High ATP/ADP

These things activate a kinase which adds phosphate to pyruvate dehydrogenase to inactivate it

66
Q

What effect will ATP have on Citric Synthase?

What effect will lack of Oxaloacetate have?

A

Allostericly Inhibit it (product inhibits its enzyme)

Inhibit (scarce reactant inhibiting its enzyme)

67
Q

Which two ways is Isocitrate Dehydrogenase regulated?

How does ATP, ADP, NADH and NAD affect the enzyme?

A

Energy Charge
ATP allosterically INHIBITS (product inhibit its enzyme)
ADP allosterically STIMULATES (reactant stim enzyme)

Redox State
	NADH	 INHIBITS (product inhibit enzyme)
	NAD+ STIMULATES (reactant stim enzyme)
68
Q

How is Alpha KetoGLuterase regulated?

What are the effects on it from ATP NADH and Succinyl CoA?

A

Energy Charge

ATP Inhibits (product inhibit enzyme)

NADH Inhibits (product inhibit enzyme)

Succinyl CoA Inhibits (product inhibit enzyme)

69
Q

Krebs Cycle Purpose:

Location

Reactions and enzymes

Sends what where?

Products and reactants role?

A

Make ATP and reduced compounds

Mitochondrial Matrix

REDOX rxns via Dehydrogenases

Sends reduced compounds to ETS

Products inhibit and reactants stimulate

70
Q

Kreb’s Cycle Main enzymes:

Products that Inhibit:

Reactants that Stimulate:

A

IASM Dehydrogenases

Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha-Ketogluterate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase
Malate dehydrogenase

Products: ATP, High energy charge, NADH, FADH2

Reactants: ADP, AMP, Low energy charge, NAD+ and FAD

71
Q

Electron Transport System

Location

Ultimate acceptor of e-

What creates proton gradient?

What is created by proton gradient?

A

Creates ATP by passing e along system of carriers

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

Oxygen

Passing the electrons

ATP

72
Q

Describe the outer membrane of mitochondria

Inner?

A

Porous and Permeable to most ions and small molecules

Convoluted, (folds called Cristae)
Impermeable to most small ions and molecules
Specialized carriers exits to transport them
Rich in integral proteins

73
Q

What does the Chemiosmotic Theory state?

A

Protons flowing through special protein create ATP

74
Q

What is the Order of the ETC that you HAVE to remember!?!?

A

NAD/NADH MOST NEG.
FMN/FMNH or FAD/FADH2
CoQ/CoQH
Cyto b
Cyto c
Cyto a
Oxygen MOST POS.

75
Q

What do the first four complexes of the ETC do?

The 5th?

A

1 and 2: Catalyze e transfer to CoQ
1 has NADH donor and 2 has FADH2 donor
3: Carries e from CoQ to cytochrome c
4: Carries e from cytochrome c to O2

Catalyze ATP synthesis using proton gradient

76
Q

What is another name for Coenzyme Q?

A

Ubiquinone

77
Q

Describe Standard Reduction Potential (delta E naught)

A

For a given redox pair

More negative number = greater tendency for REDUCED form of redox pair to LOSE electrons

78
Q

What is the starting point for ETS?

Is this thing always formed in the mitochondrial matrix?

Can it pass through the inner mito membrane?

A

NADH

No sometimes outside

NO!

79
Q

3 carbons =

4 carbons =

A

Glycolysis

Krebs Cycle

Biochem 2 (2 decks)

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