exam 1

Question 1

Development

Answer 1

refers to function and behavioral changes

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

refers to adapting to environmental conditions

Question 3

Maturation

Answer 3

refers to a transition into an adult-like state regarding some sort of skill or behavior.|

Question 4

Normative age-graded

Answer 4

changes that are common to every member of a
species and are linked to specific ages
* Most children take their first steps around 12-14 months

Question 5

Social norm-driven changes

Answer 5

changes that are universal due to shared context or
culture
* Psychologists have coined the term social clock to describe the norms that are specific to a culture
regarding the timing and order of milestones

Question 6

Normative age-graded changes

Answer 6

changes that are common to every member of a
species and are linked to specific ages
* Most children take their first steps around 12-14 months

Question 7

Normative history-graded changes

Answer 7

changes that are specific to a generation or age
group due to shared exposure to historical events

Question 8

Social norm-driven changes

Answer 8

changes that are universal due to shared context or
culture
* Psychologists have coined the term social clock to describe the norms that are specific to a culture
regarding the timing and order of milestones

Question 9

Nonnormative changes

Answer 9

changes that occur due to unique, unshared events that
result in individual differences
* Your conception is, itself, a nonnormative change as no other person shares the exact combination
of your DNA

Question 10

Atypical changes

Answer 10

changes that occur outside of the established norms of human
development and are maladaptive in nature

Question 11

Chronology and events of periods of development

Answer 11

Prenatal ( conception to birth)
Infancy (Birth- 2 years) first words
Early (2-6) clear language
Middle (6-12) puberty

Question 12

Standardized test development

Answer 12

norm-reference tests to determine the progress of a child’s development

• Established normative milestones in four areas: Motor, Cognitive, Language, and Personal-
  Social Behavior

Question 13

Naturalistic observation

Answer 13

the process of studying people in their normal
environments

Question 14

Case study

Answer 14

in-depth examination of one individual

Question 15

Laboratory observation–

Answer 15

observation of behavior within a laboratory
setting

Question 16

Surveys

Answer 16

interviews or questionnaires administered to collect data from a
population of interest

Question 17

Correlational studies

Answer 17

studies that assess the strength and direction
of relationships between variables

Question 18

Experimental method

Answer 18

the usage of the scientific method to test a
causal hypothesis by designating independent and dependent
variables and using random assignment to designate participants into
control and experimental groups

Question 19

Quasi-experiments

Answer 19

the usage of the scientific method to test
whether a pre-existing (unmanipulated) independent variable is
correlated with a dependent variable outcome

Question 20

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual
Development

Answer 20

OAPLG– Oral (prenatal), Anal, Phallic(early), Latency (middle), Genital

Question 21

Freud’s Ego Theory

Answer 21

The id– the “inner child,” responsible for arbitrary desires and
physical needs
* The ego– the “main character” responsible for maintaining balance
between the id and superego, faces realities that may or may not be
consistent with id/superego needs
* The superego—the “inner parent” responsible for maintaining social
and moral responsibility

Question 22

Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory

Answer 22

Infancy- trust vs. mistrust
Early childhood- autonomy vs. shame/ doubt
play age- initiative vs. guilt
school age- industry vs. inferiority

Question 23

Piaget Cognitive Developmental Theory

Answer 23

sensorimotor
preopertaional
concrete operational
formal operational