exam 1 Flashcards
Development
refers to function and behavioral changes
Learning
refers to adapting to environmental conditions
Maturation
refers to a transition into an adult-like state regarding some sort of skill or behavior.|
Normative age-graded
changes that are common to every member of a
species and are linked to specific ages
* Most children take their first steps around 12-14 months
Social norm-driven changes
changes that are universal due to shared context or
culture
* Psychologists have coined the term social clock to describe the norms that are specific to a culture
regarding the timing and order of milestones
Normative age-graded changes
changes that are common to every member of a
species and are linked to specific ages
* Most children take their first steps around 12-14 months
Normative history-graded changes
changes that are specific to a generation or age
group due to shared exposure to historical events
Social norm-driven changes
changes that are universal due to shared context or
culture
* Psychologists have coined the term social clock to describe the norms that are specific to a culture
regarding the timing and order of milestones
Nonnormative changes
changes that occur due to unique, unshared events that
result in individual differences
* Your conception is, itself, a nonnormative change as no other person shares the exact combination
of your DNA
Atypical changes
changes that occur outside of the established norms of human
development and are maladaptive in nature
Chronology and events of periods of development
Prenatal ( conception to birth)
Infancy (Birth- 2 years) first words
Early (2-6) clear language
Middle (6-12) puberty
Standardized test development
norm-reference tests to determine the progress of a child’s development
- Established normative milestones in four areas: Motor, Cognitive, Language, and Personal-
Social Behavior
Naturalistic observation
the process of studying people in their normal
environments
Case study
in-depth examination of one individual
Laboratory observation–
observation of behavior within a laboratory
setting
Surveys
interviews or questionnaires administered to collect data from a
population of interest
Correlational studies
studies that assess the strength and direction
of relationships between variables
Experimental method
the usage of the scientific method to test a
causal hypothesis by designating independent and dependent
variables and using random assignment to designate participants into
control and experimental groups
Quasi-experiments
the usage of the scientific method to test
whether a pre-existing (unmanipulated) independent variable is
correlated with a dependent variable outcome
Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual
Development
OAPLG– Oral (prenatal), Anal, Phallic(early), Latency (middle), Genital
Freud’s Ego Theory
The id– the “inner child,” responsible for arbitrary desires and
physical needs
* The ego– the “main character” responsible for maintaining balance
between the id and superego, faces realities that may or may not be
consistent with id/superego needs
* The superego—the “inner parent” responsible for maintaining social
and moral responsibility
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory
Infancy- trust vs. mistrust
Early childhood- autonomy vs. shame/ doubt
play age- initiative vs. guilt
school age- industry vs. inferiority
Piaget Cognitive Developmental Theory
sensorimotor
preopertaional
concrete operational
formal operational
