Exam 1

Question 1

alveoli

Answer 1

promote gas exchange (air sacs in the lungs)

Question 1

tidal volume

Answer 1

amount of air exhaled following normal inspiration

Question 2

adventitious breath sounds

Answer 2

abnormal

Question 3

bradypnea

Answer 3

rate of breathing is regular but abnormally slow (less than 12 breaths/min)

Question 4

tachypnea

Answer 4

rate of breathing is regular but abnormally rapid (more than 20 breaths/min)

Question 5

apnea

Answer 5

respirations cease for several seconds (consistent cessations result in respiratory arrest)

Question 6

hyperventilation

Answer 6

rate and depth of respirations increase (hypocarbia sometimes occurs)

Question 7

hypoventilation

Answer 7

respiratory rate is abnormally low, depth of ventilation is depressed (hypercarbia sometimes occurs)

Question 8

compliance

Answer 8

ability of lungs to distend/expand to respond - to increase alveoli pressure, relies on intrathoracic pressure changes

Question 9

hypercarbia

Answer 9

increase in CO2 in bloodstream

Question 10

work of breathing

Answer 10

effort to expand and contract lungs

Question 11

hypocarbia

Answer 11

decrease in alveolar and blood CO2 levels

Question 12

atelectasis

Answer 12

collapsed alveoli, can lead to lung collapse (occurs when tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or filled with alveolar fluid

Question 13

hypoxia

Answer 13

inadequate tissue oxygenation (can lead to cardiac dysrhythmias- cardiac cells need oxygen to work)

Question 14

cyanosis (central & peripheral)

Answer 14

bluish discoloration that occurs from lack of oxygen in the blood

Question 15

barrel chest

Answer 15

1:1 in chronic hypoxia (normal 2:1)

Question 16

clubbing

Answer 16

nail bed with chronic hypoxia

Question 17

dyspnea

Answer 17

difficult/labored breathing (associated with hypoxia)

Question 18

sputum

Answer 18

productive cough produces sputum (bloody, color, thickness, odor)

Question 19

chest physiotherapy

Answer 19

need HCP order - airway clearance technique to drain the lungs may include percussion (clapping), vibration, deep breathing, and huffing or coughing

Question 20

postural drainage

Answer 20

use of various positions to allow secretions to drain by gravity

Question 21

FiO2

Answer 21

fraction of inspired O2 (room air = FiO2 of 21%)

Question 22

bubbler/bubble humidifier

Answer 22

always use when oxygen 4LPM or greater, or longer than 24 hours of supplemental oxygen

Question 23

expected (normal breath sounds)

Answer 23

bronchial
bronchovesicular
vesicular

Question 24

crackles/rales

Answer 24

fine to coarse bubbly sounds, associated with air passing through fluid or collapsed small airways

Question 25

wheezes

Answer 25

high pitched whistling, narrow obstructed airways

Question 26

rhonchi

Answer 26

loud low pitched rumbling, fluid or mucus in airways, can resolve with coughing

Question 27

stridor

Answer 27

choking, children

Question 28

pleural friction rub

Answer 28

movement of inflamed and roughened pleural surfaces against one another during movement of the chest wall

Question 29

cascade cough

Answer 29

pt takes a slow deep breath and holds it for 2 seconds while contracting expository muscles. then they open the mouth and perform a series of coughs throughout exhalation, coughing at progressively lowered lung volumes. this technique promotes airway clearance and a patent airway in patients with large volumes of sputum

Question 30

huff cough

Answer 30

stimulates natural cough reflex and is generally only effective for clearing central airways. while exhaling the patient opens the glottis by saying the word huff. with practice they inhale more air and is able to progress the cascade cough

Question 31

quad cough

Answer 31

for patients without abdominal muscle control such as those with spinal cord injuries. while the patient breathes out with maximal expiratory effort, the patient or nurse pushes inward and upward on the abdominal muscles toward the diaphragm causing the cough