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BILD - 3/Organismic & Evolutionary Biology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Having 2 copies of each gene

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2
Q

What is an allele?

A
  • alternative form of a gene
  • for example: “A” or “a”
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3
Q

What is the definition of evolution?

A

change in genetic frequency of inherited traits over time

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4
Q

What is a gene?

A
  • a functional unit of hereditary
  • a segment of DNA
  • provides instructions on constructing proteins or RNA molecules
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5
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

having just 1 copy of each gene

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6
Q

What is a genotype?

A

the alleles of an individual

Example: “Aa” or “aa” or “AA”

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7
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

the physical trait expressed as a result of their alleles

Example: “white flowers” or “yellow flowers”

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8
Q

Who influenced Charles Darwin’s theories?

A

Thomas Malthus and his “Struggle to Survive”

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9
Q

Who did Russell Wallace send his theory of natural selection to for the purpose of publication?

A

Charles Darwin

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10
Q

What was the publication that was the culmination of Russell Wallace and Charles Darwin’s efforts?

A

The “Origin of Species” in 1854

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10
Q

What is natural selection?

A
  • a mechanism of evolution
  • where organisms with better fitness survive and reproduce, passing on their genes
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11
Q

True or False:
Natural selection favors only genetic traits.

A

False - natural selection also favors behaviors

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12
Q

What is evolutionary fitness?

A

the ability to survive and reproduce

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13
Q

What is relative fitness?

A

fitness compared to other individuals, based on contribution to the gene pool

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14
Q

What is homology?

A

similarities resulting from common ancestry

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15
Q

What is analagous?

A

similarities resulting from convergent evolution

16
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Where distantly related organisms evolve similar traits independently of eachother

17
Q

What is monogamy?

A

1 mate pair; reduces randomness

18
Q

What is polygyny?

A

1 male and multiple females

19
Q

What is polyandry?

A

1 female and multiple males

20
Q

What are the 5 conditions of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?

A

1) random mating
2) very large population size
3) no natural selection
4) no migration

21
Q

Describe the Abiogenesis Theory

A
  • first organic molecules may have formed in a chemical “soup” about 3.5 billion years ago
22
Q

What experimented as done for the Abiogenesis Theory?

A
  • the Miller-Urey Experiment, where water was gently heated along with gases such as methane, ammonia, etc
  • sparks were added to simulate lightning
  • after just a week, amino acids were formed as the water turned black
  • first attempt at simulating early earth conditions for the formation of biology
23
Q

Describe the RNA World Hypothesis

A
  • RNA is the prime candidate as the first type of nucleic acid due to its ability to form without help
  • RNA can automatically base pair with free floating nucleotides and/or base pair with itself to form ribozymes
23
Q

What are Ribozymes?

A

RNA that has base paired with itself or as found complementary RNA bases. Some can even exhibit behaviors in the interest of survival!

24
Q

Phylogeny is the study of-

A

evolutionary relationships among living things, so basically evolutionary ancestry
(think ancestry.com)

24
Q

Define Taxon

A

groups organized in a hierarchy

25
Q

Nomenclature

A
  • devised a the binomial nomenclature, a system that we use today
  • binomial nomenclature where first is genus in capitalization followed by its species in lowercase
26
Q

Define Clade

A
  • refers to monophyletic groups
  • a group of organisms with a common ancestor
    Examples:
    Monophyletic, Paraphyletic, Polyphyletic
27
Q

Define Node(Phylogeny)

A

point where a branch splits

28
Q

Define Ancestral trait

A

shared with ancestors

29
Q

Define Derived Trait

A
  • trait that’s new to a clade/related group, but isn’t shared
  • may appear randomly from mutation
  • out of nowhere

BILD - 3/Organismic & Evolutionary Biology (1 decks)

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