Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infectious Disease > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Folliculitis

A

-Infection of the hair follicle (sometimes fever)
-Forms as a furuncle or carbuncle (several carbuncles)
-Cause: Staphylococcus aureus/S. Epidermis
-Virulence: Enzymes, Structural defenses against phagocytosis (Slime polysaccharide, Protein A), Cytolytic toxins
-Spread: Direct contact or fomites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

A

-Fatal toxin-mediated disease (mostly in infants)
-Reddened skin, wrinkling, blistering (starts at mouth)
-Pathogen/Virulence: Staphylococcus aureus
-Pathogenesis: Secondary infection by candida or pseudomonas
-Treatment: Oxacillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Impetigo

A

-Epidermis is most affected
-Pus-filled vesicles/Crusty patches (itchy/contageous)
-Insect bites
-Staph aureus (80%)/ Strep. pyrogenes (20%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Erysipelas

A

-Reddening of skin, arms, legs (UL)
-Distinct margin
-Lymph nodes affected
-Streptococcus pyogenes (M protein, hyaluronic acid capsule-camouflage, pyogenic toxins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cellulitis

A

-Hot/tender on one side of body
-Not well-defined margins
-Life-threatening
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Necrotizing fasciitis

A

-Hot, painful sunburn-like rash to fever, fatigue->degrades the fascia
-Streptococcus pyogenes
-Virulence: Streptokinase hyaluronidase, deoxyribonucleatides, M protein, streptolysim, Endotoxin A
-SURGERY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Acne

A

-Blackheads and pimples
-Pathogen: Cutibacterium acnes
-Tx: Doxycycline (in severe cases), but usually untreated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cat Scratch Disease

A

-Can be from scratch/bite of kittens or fleas
-Swollen lymph nodes
-Pathogen: Bartonella henselae
-Virulence factor: endotoxin (LPS)
-Common in children in US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pseudomonas infection

A

-Infection w/ blue-green pigment (Pyocyanin)
-Burn victims are highly susceptible
-Thick, scab-like crust, microbes beneath can move in blood
-Can have a sweet grape-like scent
-Pathogen: Pseudomonas aeruginosa
-Virulence: Fimbriae/adhesins, capsule, enzymes, endotoxin-Lipid A, Exotoxin A, pyocyanin pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis

A

-Spotted, non-itchy rashy developing on trunk and appendages, soles/palms
-Develops in subcutaneous hemorrhages
-Pathogen: Rickettsia rickettsii
-Vector-born disease: Ticks of Genus Dermacentor (saliva)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

A

-Formed black eschar (piece of dead tissue on skin surface)
-Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis
-Virulence factors: endospores, capsule, 3 anthrax toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Site of infection: Connective tissue between and over muscular layer

A

Necrotizing Fasciitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Site of infection: Epidermis

A

Impetigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Site of infection: Underlying lymph nodes

A

Erysipelas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Site of infection: Dermis & Subcutaneous

A

Cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A cluster of raised lesions with folliculitis is known as a ____________.

Select one:

a.Furuncle

b.Carbuncle

c.Impetigo

d.Sty

e.Erysipelas

A

b.Carbuncle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which pathogen is a common cause of endocarditis or pneumonia due to bacteremia?

Select one:

a.Mycobacterium tuberculosis

b.Coccidioidomycosis

c.Staphylococcus aureus

d.Streptococcus pyogenes

A

c.Staphylococcus aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Amber-colored crusty debris on the surface of the skin is suggestive of infection most commonly due to:

Select one:

a.Candida albicans

b.S. aureus

c.Strep. pyogenes

d.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

b.S. aureus

While S. pyogenes does cause impetigo, it only causes it about 20% of the time. S. aureus is the main cause of impetigo (80% of the time), which has the characteristic amber colored crusty patches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

A dark purple to black discoloration of the skin is a finding of Anthrax infections.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which bacterial pathogen is responsible for bluish-green color wounds due to pyocyanin pigmentation?

Select one:

a.Bacillus anthracis

b.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

c.Bartonella Henselae

d.Staphylococcus aureus

A

b.Pseudomonas aeruginosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

A skin disease that looks like numerous deep red-colored spots/ tiny blood clots in the skin is indicative of acne.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rubella

A

-Portal of entry: Upper respiratory tract and eyes; Can enter bloodstream (viremia)
-Milder cold symptoms
-Children: Slightly swollen lymph nodes, rash of flat, pink to red spors
-More severe in adults (arthritis/encephalitis)
-During pregnancy: Severe birth defects; Don’t give vaccine
-Pathogen: Rubivirus or rubella virus
-Vaccine: MMR, live attenuated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Measles (Rubeola in US)

A

*Koplik spots
-Fine red rash appears on forehead/spreads to body (more red than measles)
-Rare: SSPE (CNS-Personality changes)
-Pathogen: Morbillivirus
-Pathogenesis: Tc Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Erythema Infectiosum (5th disease)

A

-Pathogen: Parvovirus B19
-Bright red rash begins on cheeks, spreads over
-Adult: joint pain/anemia
-Can trigger miscarriage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Roseola

A

-Pathogen: Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
-Faint pink rash on face, neck, trunk and thighs
-Occurs in infants 6 months to 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Chickenpox/Shingles

A

-Pathogen: varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
-Also called varicella
-Skin lesions start on the back of the trunk, spreading to face, neck and limbs
-No scarring
-Can become dormant and cause shingles (herpes zoster) later in life
-Shingles: Rash, numbing/tingling, painful (importance of vax)
-Reye’s syndrome: Liver and brain ceases to function (due to using aspirin with chicken pox)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Smallpox

A

Severe and disfiguring scarring, some become blind
-Small pox spores cover the whole body (mouth->face->rest of the body)
-Pathogen: Variola virus
-Virulence factors: Intracellular infection, codes for proteins that inhibit interferon, complement and inflammation
-Devastating effects on the Native americans (nearly 3 million died)
-Edward Jenner: Used cowpox virus to protect against small pox;
-Now eradicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Herpes infections

A

-Slow, spreading itchy lesions
-Lips: Fever blisters/cold sores
-Genitalia: Genital herpes
-On fingers: whitlow (cut/break in skin)
-On eyes: Ocular herpes
-Skin: Herpes gladiatorum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

HHV-1

A

Above the waist herpesvirus
-Close contact
-90% of cold sores/fever blisters
-About 80% of children have been infected by HHV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

HHV-2

A

Below the waist herpesvirus
-Sexual intercourse
-Usually acquired b/w 15 and 30 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Warts (Papillomas)

A

-Pathogen: Papillomavirus
-Generally benign/non-painful
-Foot ones itch/hurt
-Portal of entry: Parenternal route
-Mode of transmission: Direct contact via fomites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Pityriasis Versicolor

A

-Most common fungal infections
-Hyper/hypo-pigmented patches of skin (affects melanin)
-Etiologic agent: Malassezia furfur
-Transmission: Contact with hyphae/certain fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cutaneous Mycoses

A

Dermatophytoses: Fungi growing on skin, nails and hair
-Etiologic agents: Tricophyton sp, microsporum sp, epidermophyton sp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Tinea pedis

A

Athletes foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Wound Mycoses-Chromoblastomycosis

A

-Multiple pathogens BUT probably don’t need to know for this course
Wart-like infection, that appears thick
Can lead to potential amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Sporotrichosis

A

-Pathogen: Sporothrix schenkii

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Leishmaniasis

A

-Development of painless skin ulcers
-Pathogen: Leishmania sp (intracellular protozoan)
-Vector: Sand fly

38
Q

Scabies

A

-Pathogen: Sacroptes scabei (mites)
-Localized rash, that is pimple-like
-Virulence factors: Attaches to ridges, spines and hairs on body, Damages nerve endings/triggers inflammatory response
-Between skin folds
-Pathogenesis: Adult females burrow/lay eggs up to one month
-Sexual transmission is common
-Often kids <15 yoa

39
Q

Swimmer’s Itch (Cercarial Dermatitis)

A

-Pathogen: Trichobilarzia or Gigantobiliharzia
-Flatworm parasite (waterfowl, racoons, muskrats)
-Skin rash d/t allergic reaction to a parasite
-Small red pimples and blistering

DO NOT FEED THE BIRDS!

40
Q

Which of the following is the etiologic agent of whitlow?

Select one:

a.Human herpes virus 1

b.Variola virus

c.Varicella-zostervirus

d.Rubivirus

e.Morbillivirus

A

a.Human herpes virus 1

41
Q

Dermatophytosis refers to a skin infection caused by a:

Select one:

a.fungus

b.virus

c.protozoan

d.bacterium

e.helminth

A

a.fungus

42
Q

Which of the following fungi can cause a subcutaneous infection after damage to the skin from a thorn or sliver?

Select one:

a.Trichophyton

b.Microsporum

c.Sporothrix

d.Epidermophyton

A

c.Sporothrix

43
Q

Roseola: Pathogen Group

A

Viral

44
Q

Impetigo: Pathogen Group

A

Bacterial

45
Q

Shingles: Pathogen Group

A

Viral

46
Q

Pityriasis versicolor: Pathogen group

A

Fungal

47
Q

Rocky mountain spotted fever: Pathogen group

A

Bacterial

48
Q

Leishmaniasis: Pathogen Group

A

Protozoal

49
Q

Koplik’s spots are a unique sign of ______________________.

Select one:

a.Rubella

b.Roseola

c.Measles

d.erysipelas

A

c.Measles

50
Q

Representatives of which of the following virus genera can cause sexually transmitted diseases? (pick 2)

Select one or more:

a.Human herpes virus 2

b.Human herpes virus 6

c.Erythrovirus B19

d.Human papilloma virus

e.Variola virus

A

a.Human herpes virus 2, d.Human papilloma virus

51
Q

Leishmaniasis is transmitted by which of the following animal vectors?

Select one:

a.Tick

b.Black fly

c.Sandfly

d.Triatomine bug

e.Mosquito

A

c.Sandfly

52
Q

Where in the body do we find tinea unguium?

Select one:

a.Nails

b.Genitals

c.Skalp

d.Feet

e.Trunk

A

a.Nails

53
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

-Quick onset of headaches, vomitting, loss of brain function (drowsiness), neck stiffness
-Need to be treated quickly
-Increase in WBCs in CSF
-More in military/college dorms

54
Q

Hansen’s disease (Leprosy)

A

-Infections of the peripheral nerves: Non-progressive (tuberculoid leprosy)
-Pathogen: Myobacterium leprae and mycobacterium lepromatosis
-Virulence factors: Mycolic acid (Waxy lipid): Protects bacterium
-Only known bacterial pathogen of the peripheral nerves**

55
Q

Botulism

A

-Intoxication that affects synapses of the PNS
-Foodborne: Improper canning, weakness/dizziness
-Infants: 6 months or younger, C. Botulinium grows (Most common); Honey
-Wound: Similar to food borne, excpet this enters a wount
-Pathogen: Clostridium botulinium
-Virulence factors: Endospore, botulinium neurotoxins
-Binding of botulism toxin is irreversible; synapse is forever blocked (blocks ACh)

56
Q

Tetanus

A

-Caused by: Clostridium tetani
-Lockjaw, difficulty swallowing, fever
-Sweating, drooling, back spasms (earlier on)
-Virulence factors: Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)

57
Q

Trachoma

A

-Leading cause of non-traumatic blindness in humans
-Pathogen: Chlamydia trachomatic, causing trachoma

58
Q

Neisseria meningites

A

-Known as meningococcus
-Virulence factors: fimbriae, polysaccharide capsule, Lipid A

59
Q

Streptococcus pnemonia

A

-Known as pneumococci (lungs, middle ear)
-Virulence factors: Polysaccharide capsule, enzymes…

60
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

-Virulence factors: Polysacchaide capsule

61
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

-Contaminated food/drink
-Can cause meningitis in pregnant women…
-Virulence factors: Listeriolysin O (enzyme lives in host), Listeriolysin S (Overwhelms microbiota)

62
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Virulence factor: Capsule

63
Q

Bacterial meningitis: Respiratory droplets

A

Neisseria meningtides, streptococcus pneumonia, haemococcus meningites

64
Q

Viral Meningitis

A

-More common/milder than bacterial meningitis
-Similar symptoms
-Pathogens: Enterovirus (90%)
-Spread in respiratory droplets and fecal-oral route
-Can survive in chlorine swimming pools

65
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

-90% Asymptomatic, minor (5%), non-paralytic (2%), paralytic (<2%)
-Post-polio syndrome: Up to 80% of recovered polio patients->Cripling deterioration of muscles
-Pathogen: Poliovirus
-Most commonly contacted by the consumption of contaminated water

66
Q

Rabies

A

-Pathogen: Rabies Virus
-Neurological manifestations: Hyperexcitable, seizures, hallucinations, death
-Infection via a bit or scratch
-Zoonosis: Animals to humans (75% from bats)

67
Q

Arboviral Encephalitis

A

-Pathogens: Mosquitoes-Aedes or Culex
(EEE-Eastern Equine Encephalitis, Western Equine Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis..
-Similar symptoms to meningitis
-Can cause BBB infection

68
Q

Zika Virus

A

-Vector: Aedes aegypti mosquito
-Sexually via vaginal, oral or anal route
-Via placenta (microencephaly)
-Can cause Guillain-Barre Syndrome
-Most often complely recover

69
Q

Cryptococcal meningitis

A

-Pathogen: Cryptococcus neoformans (yeast): Pigeon droppings
-Virulence factor: Capsule
-Usually through dried spores
-Similar to bacterial and viral meningitis; intermittent headaches, little fever, usually get worse->can lead to paralysis/loss of vision/coma

70
Q

African trypanosomiasis

A

-African sleeping sickness
-Vector: Tsetse fly
-Pathogen: Trypanosoma brucei
-Symptoms: After a week (tender nodule, lymph nodes enlarge), can lead to fevers for lots of years, gradual loss of peoples interest in things, more aggressive/psychosis, drowsiness, can’t eat

71
Q

Primary Amebic Meningoencephalopathy

A

-Pathogen: Naegleria fowleri (amoeba that forms hardy cyst)
-Quick onset/fatal
-Migrates to brain through cranial nerves

72
Q

Variant Crutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A

-Sponigiform encephalopathies
-Feeling of tiredness/insomnia, memory failure, speech and ability to walk are affected
-Pathogen: PrP prion (misfolded proteins causing infection)
-Contaminated nerve tissue (Beef)

73
Q

Which of the following is thought to be the mode of transmission from person to person with Hansen’s disease?

Select one:

a.Inhaling resp. droplets (cough sneeze etc.) from an infected individual

b.Sexual intercourse

c.Shaking hands

d.Sitting near an infected person

A

a.Inhaling resp. droplets (cough sneeze etc.) from an infected individual

74
Q

Which of the following is the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in newborns infected during birth?

Select one:

a.Streptococcus agalactiae

b.Listeria monocytogenes

c.Streptococcus pneumonia

d.Neisseria meningitides

A

a.Streptococcus agalactiae

75
Q

Curling of arms and feet with back stiffly arching backwards are all signs of which disease?

Select one:

a.Leprosy

b.Tetanus

c.Bacterial meningitis

d.Botulism

A

b.Tetanus

76
Q

Binding of botulism toxin is reversible and the patient’s condition gradually improves with treatment

A

False

77
Q

West Nile Virus: Vector

A

Mosquito

78
Q

Typanosoma brucei: Vector

A

TseTse Fly

79
Q

Cryptococcosis is a ________________ infection.

Select one:

a.prion

b.fungal

c.viral

d.protozoan

e.bacterial

A

b.fungal

80
Q

Which of the following is a virulence factor that makes Cryptococcus neoformans a ‘successful’ pathogen?

Select one:

a.The organism releases hydrolytic enzymes that break down the blood-brain barrier.

b.The cells release an exotoxin.

c.The cells change their glycoprotein structure, thus disguising themselves from existing antibodies.

d.The cells release endotoxin.

e.The cells have a capsule.

A

e.The cells have a capsule.

81
Q

Which of the following diseases is close to being eradicated worldwide?

Select one:

a.Rabies

b.Polio

c.West Nile encephalitis

d.African trypanosomiasis

A

b.Polio

82
Q

Which type of meningitis is the least dangerous, typically with the mildest symptoms and a good prognosis for full recovery without any special treatment?

Select one:

a.protozoan

b.fungal

c.bacterial

d.Viral

A

d.Viral

83
Q

Bacteremia/Septicemia

A

-Bacteremia: Little to no symptoms
-Septicemia: Serious symptoms/antimicrobial drugs needed (Can lead to death)
-General signs: Low blood pressure, decrease in urine output, inability to clot blood (septicemia)
-Can cause osteomyelitis leading to TSS
-Petrichiae: Minute hemorrhagic skin lesions on trunk and lower extremities

84
Q

Virulence factors of Bacteremia, septicemia/endocarditis

A

Capsule, endotoxin, exotoxin, flagella, anti-phagocytic factors

85
Q

Endocarditis

A

-Causes formation of bulky masses (vegetations) of platelets or clotting proteins surrounding the bacteria
-Janeway Lesions: Hemorhages on soles of feet or palms
-Osler Nodes: Similar but Painful

86
Q

Brucellosis

A

-Fluctuating fever in the afternoon, sweat, chills
-Pathogen: Brucella melitensis
-Virulence factors: endotoxin, ability to grow and multiple inside phagocytes, evade antibodies/some antibacterial drugs
-Breaks in skin (mucus membranes)/respiratory tracts
-Contaminated unpasteurized dairy products
-Swollen lymph nodes, endocarditis

87
Q

Tularemia

A

-Rabbit fever or tick fever
-Skin lesion develops w/i 5 days near site of infection
-Pathogen: Franicisella tularensis
-Very contagious
-Virulence: Capsule-Discourages phagocytosis

88
Q

Plague

A

-Bubonic plague: Buboes (painful inflamed lymph nodes), death of infected tissues which turns black
-Pneumonic plague: Can lead to death
-Pathogen: Yersinia pestis
-Virulence factors: Adhesins, Type 3 secretion systems, capsules and antiphagocytic proteins
-Bubonic: Flea bite
-Pneumonic plague: Airborne

89
Q

Lyme Disease

A
90
Q

Ehrlichiosis

A
91
Q

Anaplasmosis

A

Infectious Disease (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions