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Child Psychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the new way that we study nature and nurture?

A

The interaction of both

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2
Q

Nature

A

genetics determine behavior, personality, and traits

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3
Q

Nurture

A

environment, upbringing, and life experiences determine behavior

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4
Q

Continuous Development

A

gradually adding skills that one already has (quantitative changes)

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5
Q

Discontinuous development

A

New ways of understanding and responding to the world (qualitative changes)

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6
Q

Equifinality

A

different pathways that (from average) lead to the same outcome

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7
Q

Multifinality

A

same pathway as average that leads to a different outcome role of child in development

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8
Q

active development

A

forming your own traits and abilities

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9
Q

passive development

A

characteristies are molded by others like parents

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10
Q

Id

A

basic intellectual drive (self motivated)

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11
Q

Ego

A

self motivated but understands real world

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12
Q

Superego

A

Moral principles that work against the Id

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13
Q

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Freuds Theory that in the way that we deal with biological urges moves us through a series of stages that shape our personalities

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14
Q

Psychosocial stages

A

Erick Ericksons theory based on
a central conflict to be resolved involving the social world and development of identity

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15
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theory developed by Watson where he believed that we all enter this world as a blank slate

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16
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

process by
which a stimulus (unconditioned stimulus) that naturally evokes a certain response (unconditioned response) is paired with a neutral stimulus

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17
Q

Reinforcement

A

anything that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue Or happen again

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18
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

occurs when you get something you like
and want.
ex. person talking smiles

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19
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

occurs when something disagreeable is removed
ex getting away from an annoying sound

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20
Q

Punishment

A

intended to decrease the likelihood of a response

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21
Q

Positive Punishment

A

adding an averisive stimulus ex. scolding a student In class

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22
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Involves removing a reinforcing stimulus ex. not allowing playtime because child failed an exam

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23
Q

Social Cognitive Theory

A

people learn through others

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24
Q

What are the cognitive components of the Social Cognitive Theory?

A

attention, memory, motivation

25
Q

Experimental Research Design

A

experimental group is administered treatment and outcome is compared to control group

26
Q

QuasiExperimental

A

where
members of groups ale selected because they represent
different treatment conditions

27
Q

Correlational

A

Examining the relationship between two or more variables

28
Q

Longitudual

A

follows a group of individuals and gathers data from them at several points in time

29
Q

Cross-Sectional

A

research design that uses multiple groups of participants who represent the age span of interest to the researcher

30
Q

Sequential

A

research design that uses multiple groups of participants to follow over time

31
Q

Cohort Effect

A

Differences between groups in cross-sec or sequential study attributable to the fact that participants have different life experiences

32
Q

Microgenetic

A

research design that frequently observes participants during a period of time or transition

33
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

chromosomes, hair/eye color, height

34
Q

Behavioral Genetics

A

traits like personality or intelligence

35
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

36
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics

37
Q

Canalized

A

the degree to which a gene is influenced by the environment

38
Q

epigenetics

A

a system by which genes are activated or silenced in response to events in an environment

39
Q

passive gene-environment correlation

A

a situation where a child’s family shares his own genetically determined abilities and interests

40
Q

evocative gene-environment correlation

A

child’s genetics evoke certain responses from those around them

41
Q

active gene-environment correlation

A

genetic endowment becomes a driving force to seek experience that fits their genetics

42
Q

teratogen

A

any environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development and cause a structural abnormality

43
Q

germinal period

A

weeks 1-2

44
Q

embryonic period

A

weeks 3-8

45
Q

fetal period

A

weeks 9-38

46
Q

age of viability

A

between 22 & 26 weeks

47
Q

neurons

A

cells of the nervous system

48
Q

synapse

A

the place where an axon from one neuron meets a dendrite

49
Q

synaptogenesis

A

development of new synapses

50
Q

myelination of neurons

A

affected by our experiences

51
Q

experience-expectant brain development

A

occurs when we experience events that are normal to our brains

52
Q

experience-dependent brain development

A

individual experiences to specific and personal events

53
Q

assimilation

A

fitting new experiences into mental schemas

54
Q

equilibration

A

an attempt to resolve uncertainty to return to a comfortable cognitive state

55
Q

accommodation

A

changing mental schemas to fit new experiences

56
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

infants understand the world through their senses not intuitively

57
Q

preoperational stage

A

use mental symbols cannot use logic and thinks egocentrically

58
Q

concrete operations stage

A

can think logically but not abstractly

59
Q

formal operations stage

A

can think both logically and abstractly

Child Psychology (1 decks)

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