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Psy 103 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes

A

germ cells, sperm or egg

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2
Q

Conception

A

union of sperm and egg

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3
Q

Zygote

A

fertilized egg, has full complement of genetic material

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4
Q

Embryo

A

Zygote transforms into embryo

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5
Q

Fetus

A

Embryo transforms into fetus

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6
Q

Stem Cells

A

embryonic cells, all interchangeable with each other

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7
Q

Identical Twins

A

inner cell mass splits in half, resulting in two zygotes with same genetic makeup

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8
Q

Fraternal Twins

A

two eggs are released from ovary into Fallopian tube and happen to be fertilized

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9
Q

Neural tube

A

one end becomes the brain, other end is spinal cord

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10
Q

Amniotic sac

A

Membrane filled with a clear, watery fluid in which the fetus floats

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11
Q

Placenta

A

organ that permits the exchange of materials carried in the bloodstreams of fetus and mother

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12
Q

Umbilical cord

A

contains blood vessels running from placenta to embryo

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13
Q

Cephalocaudal development

A

areas near head developing more rapidly and is seen early in the development

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14
Q

Habituation

A

Decreased response to a stimuli after repeated exposure to the stimulus

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15
Q

Dose-response relation

A

the greater the fetus’ exposure to a teratogen, the more likely it is that the fetus will suffer damage

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16
Q

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

results in fetal alcohol syndrome, an effect of mothers drinking during pregnancy, characterized by facial deformation, retardation, attention problems

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17
Q

State

A

continuum of arousal, ranging from deep sleep to activity

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18
Q

REM Sleep

A

active sleep state that is associated with dreaming in adults that is characterized by quick, jerky, under closed lids

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19
Q

Non REM Sleep

A

quiet or deep sleep state

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20
Q

Autostimulation theory of REM sleep

A

high level of internally generated brain activity that occurs during REM sleep helps to make up for the natural deprivation of visual stimulation and facilitates development of early visual system

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21
Q

Swaddling

A

wrapping a baby tightly in cloths or a blanket, thereby restricting limb movement

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22
Q

Infant mortality

A

death during the first year after birth

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23
Q

Low birth weight (LBW)

A

infants who weight less than 5.5 pounds

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24
Q

Premature

A

born at 35 weeks after conception or earlier and LBW

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25
Q

Small for gestational age

A

LBW infants that weigh substantially less than is normal for their gestational age

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26
Q

Developmental resilience

A

successful development in spite of multiple and seemingly overwhelming developmental hazards

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27
Q

Meta-analysis

A

method for combining the results from independent studies to reach conclusions based on all of them

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28
Q

Amygdala

A

an area of the brain that is involved in emotional reactions

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29
Q

Nature

A

our biological endowment; the genes we receive from our parents

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30
Q

Nurture

A

the environments, both physical and social, that influence our development

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31
Q

Genome

A

each person’s complete set of hereditary information

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32
Q

Epigenetics

A

the study of stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment

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33
Q

Methylation

A

a biochemical process that influences behavior by suppressing gene activity and expression

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34
Q

Continuous development

A

the idea that changes with age occur gradually, in small increments, like that of a pine tree growing taller and taller

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35
Q

Discontinuous development

A

the idea that changes with age include occasional large shifts, like the transition from caterpillar to cocoon to butterfly

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36
Q

Stage theories

A

approaches proposing that development involves a series of large, discontinuous, age-related phases

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37
Q

Cognitive development

A

the development of thinking and reasoning

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38
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals involved in communication among brain cells

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39
Q

Sociocultural context

A

the physical, social, cultural, economic, and historical circumstances that make up an child’s environment

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40
Q

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A

a measure of social class based on income and education

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41
Q

Cumulative risk

A

the accumulation of disadvantages over years of development

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42
Q

Scientific method

A

an approach to testing beliefs that involves choosing a question, formulating a hypothesis, and drawing a conclusion

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43
Q

Hypothesis

A

testable prediction of the presence or absence of phenomena or relations

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44
Q

Reliability

A

the degree to which independent measurements of a given behavior are consistent

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45
Q

Interrater reliability

A

the amount of agreement in the observations of different raters who witness the same behavior

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46
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

the degree of similarity of a participant’s performance on two or more occasions

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47
Q

Validity

A

the degree to which a test measures what it is intended to measure

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48
Q

Internal validity

A

the degree to which effects observed within experiments can be attributed to the factor that the researcher is testing

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49
Q

External validity

A

the degree to which results can be generalized beyond the particulars of the research

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50
Q

Structured interview

A

a research procedure in which all the participants are asked to answer the same questions

51
Q

Questionnaire

A

a method that allows researchers to gather information from a large number of participants simultaneously by presenting them a uniform set of printed questions

52
Q

Clinical interview

A

a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides

53
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

examination of ongoing behavior in an environment not controlled by the researcher

54
Q

Structured observation

A

a method that involves presenting an identical situation to each participant and recording the participants’ behavior

55
Q

Variables

A

attributes that vary across individuals and situations, such as age, sex, popularity

56
Q

Correlational designs

A

studies intended to indicate how two variables are related to each other

57
Q

Correlation

A

the association between two variables

58
Q

Direction-of-causation problem

A

the concept that a correlation between two variables does not indicate which, if either, variable is the cause of the other

59
Q

Third-variable problem

A

the concept that a correlation between two variables may stem from both being influenced by some third variable

60
Q

Experimental designs

A

a group of approaches that allow inferences about causes and effects to be drawn

61
Q

Random assignment

A

a procedure in which each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to each group within an experiment

62
Q

Experimental control

A

the ability of researchers to determine he specific experiences of participants during the course of an experiment

63
Q

Experimental group

A

the group of participants in an experimental design who are presented the experience of interest

64
Q

Control group

A

the group of participants in an experimental design who are not presented the experience of interest but n other ways are treated similarly

65
Q

Independent variable

A

the experience that participants in the experimental group receive and that those in the control group do not receive

66
Q

Dependent variable

A

a behavior that is measured to determine whether it is affected by exposure to the independent variable

67
Q

Cross-sectional design

A

a research method in which participants of different ages are compared on a given behavior or characteristic over a short period

68
Q

Microgenetic design

A

a method of study where the same participants are studied repeatedly over a short period

69
Q

Genome

A

the complete set of genes of any organism

70
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic material an individual inherits

71
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable expression of the genotype, including both body characteristics and behavior

72
Q

Environment

A

every aspect of an individual and his or her surroundings other than genes

73
Q

Chromosomes

A

molecules of DNA that transmit genetic information; made up of DNA

74
Q

DNA

A

molecules that carry all the biochemical instructions involved in the formation and functioning of an organism

75
Q

Genes

A

sections of chromosomes that are the basic unit of heredity in all living things

76
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

the chromosomes (X and Y) that determine an individual’s gender

77
Q

Mutation

A

a change in a section of DNA

78
Q

Crossing over

A

the process by which sections of DNA switch from one chromosome to the other; promotes variability

79
Q

Endophenotypes

A

intermediate phenotypes, including the brain and nervous systems, that do not involve overt behavior

80
Q

Regulator genes

A

Genes that control the activity of other genes

81
Q

Alleles

A

two or more different forms of a gene

82
Q

Dominant allele

A

the allele that, if present, gets expressed

83
Q

Recessive allele

A

the allele that is not expressed if a dominant allele is present

84
Q

Homozygous

A

having two of the same allele for a trait

85
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for a trait

86
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

inheritance in which traits are governed by more than one gene

87
Q

Norm of reaction

A

all the phenotypes that can theoretically result from a given genotype in relation to all the environments in which is can survive and develop

88
Q

Phenylketonuria (PNU)

A

a disorder related to a defective recessive gene on chromosome 12 that prevents metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine

89
Q

Carrier genetic testing

A

genetic testing used to determine whether prospective parents are carriers of specific disorders

90
Q

Prenatal testing

A

genetic testing used to assess the fetus’s risk for genetic disorders

91
Q

Newborn screening

A

tests used to screen newborn infants for a range of genetic and non-genetic disorders

92
Q

Behavior genetics

A

the science concerned with how variation in behavior and development results from the combination of genetic and environmental factors

93
Q

Heritable

A

refers to any characteristics or traits that are influenced by heredity

94
Q

Multifactorial

A

Refers to traits that are affected by a host of environmental factors as well as genetic ones

95
Q

Heritability

A

a statistical estimate of the proportion of the measured variance on a trait among individuals in a given population that is attributable to genetic differences among those individuals

96
Q

Neurons

A

Cells that are specialized for sending and receiving messages between the brain and all parts of the body, as well as within the brain itself

97
Q

Cell body

A

A component of the neuron that contains the basic biological material that keeps the neuron functioning

98
Q

Dendrites

A

neural fibers that receive input from other cells and conduct it toward the cell body in the form of electrical impulses

99
Q

Axons

A

neural fibers that conduct electrical signals away from the cell body to connections with other neurons

100
Q

Synapses

A

microscopic junctions between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendritic branches or cell body of another

101
Q

Glial cells

A

cells in the brain that provide a variety of critical supportive functions

102
Q

Myelin sheath

A

a fatty sheath that forms around certain axons in the body and increases the speed and efficiency of information transmission

103
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

the “gray matter” of the brain that plays a primary role in what is thought to be particularly humanlike functioning, from seeing and hearing to writing to feeling emotion

104
Q

Lobes

A

major areas of the cortex associated with general categories of behavior

105
Q

Occipital lobe

A

the lobe of the cortex that is primarily involved in processing visual information

106
Q

Temporal lobe

A

the lobe of the cortex that is associated with memory, visual recognition, and the processing of emotion and auditory information

107
Q

Parietal lobe

A

governs spatial processing as well as integrating sensory input with information stored in memory

108
Q

Frontal lobe

A

associated with organizing behavior; the one that is though responsible for the human ability to plan ahead, executive functioning

109
Q

Association areas

A

parts of the brain that lie between the major sensory and motor areas and that process and integrate input from those areas

110
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

the two halves of the cortex; for the most part, sensory input from one side goes to opposite part of brain

111
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a dense tract of nerve fibers that enable the two hemispheres of brain to communicate

112
Q

Cerebral lateralization

A

the specialization of the hemispheres of the brain for different modes of processing

113
Q

Neurogenesis

A

the proliferation of neurons through cell division

114
Q

Spines

A

formations on the dendrites of neurons that increase the dendrites’ capacity to form connections with other neurons

115
Q

Myelination

A

the formation of myelin (a fatty sheath) around the axons of neurons that speeds and increases information processing abilities

116
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

the process by which neurons form synapses with other neurons, resulting in trillions of connections

117
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

the normal developmental process through which synapses that are rarely activated are eliminated

118
Q

Plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to be affected by experience

119
Q

Experience-expectant plasticity

A

the process through which the normal wiring of the brain occurs in part as a result of experiences that every human who inhabits any reasonably normal environment will have

120
Q

Experience-dependent plasticity

A

the process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual’s experiences

121
Q

Secular trends

A

marked changes in physical development that have occurred over generations

122
Q

Failure to thrive

A

a condition in which infants become malnourished and fail to grow or gain weight for no obvious medical reason

123
Q
A

Psy 103 (1 decks)

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