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human factors > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

micro-ergonomics

A

concerned with the design of the human-machine system at the level of the individual

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2
Q

macro-ergonomics

A

concerned with how organizational and cultural aspects influence the operation of the human-machine system

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3
Q

basic research

A

answers questions for the sake of answering questions (knowledge)

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4
Q

applied research

A

answers questions to solve practical problems

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5
Q

Design Process (Norman)

A
  1. Observation
  2. Idea Generation
  3. Prototyping
  4. Testing
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6
Q

Characteristics of Human-Centered Design

A
  1. affordances (how do you use your body to interact)
  2. signifiers (cues added to help indicate possible interactions)
  3. intuitive mappings (relationship between action/inaction and its consequences)
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7
Q

Human Values

A
  1. human welfare
  2. ownership and property
  3. privacy
  4. freedom from bias
  5. universal usability
  6. trust
  7. autonomy
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8
Q

methods

A

the tools we use to accomplish the goals of human factors

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9
Q

Designing the right thing

A

planning, context of use, and requirements

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10
Q

designing the thing right

A

design and evaluation

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11
Q

designing right thing: planning

A

what are you trying to do with how much time and money?
methods: meetings, phone calls
end results: reports, presentations, budgets, timelines, etc.

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12
Q

designing right thing: context-of-use

A

user, tools, task, environment, organizational context

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13
Q

context-of-use methods

A

observation, interviews, surveys, focus groups, scenarios of use/personas, task analysis

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14
Q

descriptive methods used in design process

A
  1. literature search
  2. archival data
  3. observation
  4. surveys/questionnaires
  5. interviews
  6. focus groups
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14
Q

designing the right thing: requirements

A

set of criteria the design must satisfy

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14
Q

brainstorming techniques strengths

A

generate ideas
attempt to relate design to user needs
cheap and fast

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15
Q

design methods

A
  1. brainstorming
  2. design guidelines and standards
  3. card sorting
  4. competitor/existing system analysis
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15
Q

brainstorming techniques weaknesses

A

do not consult users
may miss important user needs

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15
Q

standards

A

formally adopted after a review process by professionals as “best practice”

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15
Q

designing thing right: evaluation

A
  1. cognitive walkthrough
  2. wizard of oz technique
  3. true experiment
  4. heuristic evaluation
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15
Q

guidelines

A

less formal, one person/group’s suggestions

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16
Q

card sorting

A

method for helping understand how to design for organization information
menus, website organization, etc.

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16
Q

cognitive walkthrough

A

define a task, then perform task yourself and document all potential problems

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16
Q

wizard of oz technique

A

use a low fidelity, cheap prototype or mock-up of the system

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16
Q

heuristic evaluation

A

compare the system to a set of established general design principles

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17
Q

function(al) allocation

A

determines what tasks person does, machine does, and what tasks are shared between them

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18
Q

assistance systems

A

automation helps the person

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19
Q

partial automation

A

automation does some parts of the task, human does others

20
Q

full automation

A

automation does everything without human input

21
Q

tasks we might automate

A

information acquisition
information analysis
desicion making
action

22
Q

trust and compliance

A

trust: does user believe automation will help
compliance: does user rely on automation or ignore it
high trust = high compliance

23
Q

reliability of automation

A

trust and compliance depend on this

24
Q

what does user do after automation fails

A

Misses: user monitors system, even when automation says everything is okay
False alarms: user stops complying with automation and ignores it
Bad advice/action: user ignores automation, turns it off (if possible), etc.

25
Q

automation paradox

A

want highly reliable automation but leaves human unprepared to respond to automation failure due to complacency, loss of skill, overconfidence

26
Q

mode error

A

Human action inappropriate for the current state of system

27
Q

automation use

A

can increase safety, usability, and desirability of systems

28
Q

automation misuse

A

relying on unreliable automation

29
Q

automation disuse

A

ignoring automation

30
Q

automation abuse

A

designing automation without considering effects on humans
ex: autonowashing - making claims that exaggerate or misrepresent the actual capabilities of automation

31
Q

heuristic checklist

A
  1. visibility of system status
  2. match between system and real world
  3. user control and freedom
  4. consistency and standards
  5. error prevention
  6. recognition, not recall
  7. flexibility and efficiency of use
  8. aesthetic and minimal design
  9. recovery from errors
  10. help and documentation
32
Q

visibility of system status

A

does the system keep the user informed with feedback at appropriate times

33
Q

match between system and real world

A

does the system use concepts and language familiar to the user

34
Q

user control and freedom

A

does the system allow the user to correct mistakes and go back, undo, redo, etc

35
Q

consistency and standards

A

are consistent conventions used and is system consistent with other similar systems

36
Q

error prevention

A

is the system designed such that errors are impossible

37
Q

flexibility and efficiency of use

A

does system provide shortcuts for exerts

38
Q

recovery from errors

A

does system have detailed and specific messages to help user recognize and recover from errors

39
Q

slips

A

human knows correct goal or action but does the wrong thing

40
Q

action-based slip

A

performing wrong action

41
Q

memory-based slip

A

forgetting to complete a step

42
Q

skill-based slip

A

lacking skill to complete a step

43
Q

perceptual slip

A

failure to see or hear

44
Q

mistakes

A

rule-based: correct diagnosis, wrong solution
knowledge-based: inaccurate knowledge of task/system
memory-lapse: forgetting part of goal or plan

45
Q

violations

A

routine: habitual
exceptional: isolated incident

46
Q

latent failures

A

hidden or obscured
organizational influences,
unsafe supervision,
preconditions for unsafe acts

47
Q

organizational influences

A

Resource management
Organizational climate
Organizational process

48
Q

unsafe supervision

A

Inadequate supervision
Planned inappropriate operations
Failure to correct problem
Supervisory violations

49
Q

preconditions for unsafe acts

A

Environmental factors
Condition of operators
Personnel factors
(Crew resource management,
Personal readiness)

50
Q

unsafe acts

A

Errors
(Skill-based errors,
Decision errors,
Perceptual errors)
Violations
(Routine, Exceptional)

51
Q

visual display

A

Any part of a system designed to convey information to the human’s eyes

52
Q

conspicuity

A

how well display attracts attention

53
Q

visibility

A

how well you can see the intended information

54
Q

legibility

A

H = .007 x viewing distance

55
Q

choosing typeface

A

long texts: serifs
signs, signifiers: san serifers

56
Q

contrast

A

luminance difference / average luminance

57
Q

rods

A

achromatic but very sensitive

58
Q

cones

A

color info and acuity but not as sensitive

59
Q

gestalt concepts

A
  1. proximity - elements close together are grouped together
  2. closure - supply missing elements to close or complete familiar figure
  3. similarity - similar tend to be grouped together
  4. simplicity - organize elements in simplest way possible
  5. continuity - see elements in ways that produce smooth continuation

human factors (1 decks)

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