EXAM 1 Flashcards
Morality
beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good and bad persons or character
Bioethics
applied ethics focused on health care, medical science, and medical technology
Ethics
The study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy
Descriptive Ethics
The study of morality using the methodology of science
Applied Ethics
The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues
Normative Ethics
The search for, and justification of, moral standards, or norms
Metaethics
The study of the meaning and justification of basic moral beliefs
Impartiality
the idea that everyone should be considered equal, that everyone’s interests should count the same.
What does Phil. James Rachels say about moral impartiality
Believes one should not treat other people without a good reason, it is not considered discrimination
Reasonableness
To participate in morality—to engage in the essential, unavoidable practices of the moral life—is to do moral reasoning
Autonomy
a person’s rational capacity for self-governance or self-determination—the ability to direct one’s own life and choose for oneself.
Beneficence
an ethical principle that involves actively doing good for others, promoting their well-being and preventing or alleviating harm
Example of beneficence
In fields like healthcare, professionals are typically obligated to follow the principle of beneficence as a core part of their duties. They are obligated to promote the well-being of patients by providing them with the best possible care and working to prevent harm to the patients
Non-maleficence
The moral principle that says we should not cause unnecessary injury or harm to others
Justice
what is fair and what is their due
Retributive Justice
concerns the fair meting out of punishment for wrongdoing
Distributive Justice
concerns the fair distribution of society’s advantages and disadvantages
Utility
The principle of utility says that we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad (or benefit over harm) for all concerned.
Subjective relativism
The view that right actions are those sanctioned by a person
Relieves individuals of the burden of serious critical reasoning about mortality
Cultural relativism
The view that right actions are those sanctioned by one’s culture
Ethical relativism
The view that moral standards are not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe
Modus Ponens
affirms the truth of the argument, conclusion becomes the affirmation
EX: If I am happy, then I smile. I am not smiling therefore I am not happy
Modus Tollens
affirms the denial of the argument, conclusion is denial
EX: I will not wear my sunglasses today. Therefore it is not bright or sunny today.
Straw man fallacy
when an argument is easy to be attacked for being too simplified
EX: “I like Chinese food more than Pizza” “Well, you must hate Pizza”
Begging the question fallacy
When conclusion is assumed to be true in the premise
EX: Some people don’t like chocolate chip cookies; if some people don’t like chocolate chip cookies, then chocolate chip cookies should be banned from grocery stores
slippery slope fallacy
argument claims that an initial event or action will trigger a series of events that will lead to an extreme outcome
EX: If students are required to wear uniforms to school, they’ll do less shopping at local clothing stores. With less business, the stores will close, which will hurt our local economy.
Paternalism
The overriding of a person’s actions or decision-making for his own good
Weak paternalism
Paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished.
Strong paternalism
The overriding of a person’s actions or choices, even though he is substantially autonomous
Refusing treatment
Patients have the right to refuse treatment; tough when parents reject treatment for minors or mature minors
Futile treatment
Alleged pointlessness or ineffectiveness of medical treatment
Case of Helga Wangile
Retired 87 year old woman, had heart attack then entered a PVS(persistive ventilated state)
Several months pass and the question is should she be removed from the ventilator
Mr. Wangile: only God can end life
Hospital: unnecessary because she won’t be coming back AND 1 million in Medicare(tax dollars)
Competence
ability to do something successfully or efficiently
Therapeutic privilege
act of withholding information by a clinician, with the underlying notion that the disclosure of this would inflict harm or suffering upon the patient
Schloendorff V. New York
Mary S. went to doctors and found a mass to be removed
Said no to surgery because terrified of surgery
Underwent anesthesia to perform an examination of the mass wherein the physician removed the tumor
Lost limbs from an infection
Justified because providing guidance to someone who requires it to their wellbeing who is unable to make their own decisions
Canterbury v Spence
-sued for malpractice on the grounds of negligence
canterbury fell from bed and was paralyzed
Katz view on law (article)
If an issue of battery law–physicians only have one defense, that they made adequate disclosure; person gets sick→battery, fist hits face
If an issue of negligence law –they can invoke therapeutic privilege not to disclose for patient welfare; not telling them everything for their own good
Informed consent is a social policy, not a medical one
Clinical trials
Take a loooong time to be approved by FDA
Blinding in clinical trials
A procedure for ensuring that subjects and researchers do not know which interventions the subjects receive
Placebo in clinical trials
An inactive or sham treatment
Reliability in clinical trials
Maximize bias, avoid errors, maximize objectivity
Nontherapeutic
not relating to or providing therapy
Equipoise
when the overall benefit or harm by the treatment to a patient is uncertain
Radiation experiment
4000 federally sponsored radiation experiments conducted
-injecting plutonium into terminally ill patients
Tuskegee Study
researchers did not collect informed consent from participants
-kept making the population of tuskgee keep having syphilis
Willowbrook
children were infected with hepatitis seeing as they were in a bad place of the country were no one cared
Diagnostic testing
to confirm or rule out a genetic disorder in someone with symptoms.
Carrier testing
to determine whether someone is a carrier of a type of genetic disease known as an autosomal recessive disorder.
Eugenics
The deliberate attempt to improve the genetic makeup of humans by manipulating reproduction.
Reprogramming
involves adding one or more genes to cells of a specific type to change the characteristics of those cells
cell elimination
strategies are typically used to destroy malignant (cancerous) tumor cells, but can also be used to target overgrowth of benign (non-cancerous) tumor cells.
Gene silencing
prevents the production of a specific protein by targeting mRNA for degradation so that no protein is produced
gene correction
can be achieved by modifying part of a gene using recently developed gene editing technology to remove repeated or faulty elements of a gene, or to replace a damaged or dysfunctional region of DNA
Gene addition
involves inserting a new copy of a gene into the target cells to produce more of a protein
Gene Theraoy
The manipulation of someone’s genetic material to prevent or treat disease.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
to test embryos produced through in vitro fertilization (IVF) for genetic abnormalities
Elizabeth Bouvia and Patient Autonomy
Patient with cerebral palsy wanted to die so she went to hospital in order to end her life but doctors said no; she ends up winning but decides to live
Refutation of medical paternalism article
Goldman argues that subjective harm is more damaging than objectvie harm; quality of life < quantity of life
Schawrtz and medical futility article
caregivers lack appropriate knowledge and experiences not values to make decisions on if its useful to use resources on patient
Informed consent article
two senses to informed consent
1. autonomous action that authorizes the course of action
2. informed consent and decision making is not enough
Sense 1 V Sense 2
S1- autonomous authorization and patient rights
S2- legal aspects of informed consent
Of mice but not men article
ethical issues behind randomized clinical trials such as the need for consent, research-practice distinction, and elements that must be disclosed in consent process
- basically treat subjects like people not mice
Davis and genetic dilemmas and childs right to open future article
talks about how a child should have the right to keep their options about the future open until they are capable of making their own decisions
Deaf designer genetic testing article
genetic tests should be offered to couples who want a child, couples should test to determine if quality of life for child will be good, couples should be able to refuse tests
Balance of Autonomy and Beneficence:
Autonomy refers to an individual’s right to make decisions about their own healthcare, while beneficence relates to the obligation to act in the best interests of the patient. Ethical decision-making often involves finding the right balance between respecting a patient’s autonomy and pursuing actions that promote their well-being
Duty to warn
principle that requires healthcare professionals to inform patients about potential risks, benefits, and alternatives to a proposed treatment or procedure.
duty to prevent harm
This principle emphasizes the obligation of healthcare providers to prevent harm to their patients. It involves taking all reasonable steps to ensure that medical interventions do not cause unnecessary harm and that patient safety is a top priority.
Duty to keep patient confidentiality
Healthcare professionals have a duty to keep patient information confidential and not disclose it without the patient’s informed consent
