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Adult Psychopathology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What ‘not’ is Psychopathological?

Think 3

A
  • Not a deviation from the norm
  • Not personal suffering
  • Not a violation of societal standards
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2
Q

What are some problems in defining psychopathology?

Variations

A
  • Societal variations (i.e., suicide–in Japanese cultures and hallucinations–spiritual connectedness)
  • Historical variations (i.e., adolescent males having sex with older males in Greece and Rome, ADHD not a disorder historically, Left-handed people)
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3
Q

What would be a suitable definition of psychopathology?

A

“A behavioural or psychological syndrome resulting in significant suffering or loss of freedom to self or others, increased risk of suffering or loss of freedom”

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4
Q

What are some arguments against classification?

A
  1. Classification of mental illness is society’s way of marginalizing people and behaviour it doesn’t like
  2. Mental illness implies something wrong with you rather than your environment
  3. Potentially allows you to avoid looking at the root cause
  4. Labeling
  5. Classification assumes discrete entities
  6. Psychiatric classifications not closely ties to causes or treatment, provides relatively useful information
  7. Most classification systems have a white, western view of psychopathology
  8. Severe disorders have poor reliability
  9. Most people with ‘mental illness’ are identified because they have sought out help themselves
  10. The brain is an organ like any other, things can and do go wrong
  11. Cross-cultural manifestations of all major mental disorders
  12. Classification systems a vehicle for further understanding
  13. Labels are often beneficial
  14. A categorical classification system is necessary in the real world
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5
Q

Who promoted that the classification of mental illness is society’s way of marginalizing people and behaviour it doesn’t like?

A

Thomas Szasz - Myth of mental illness

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6
Q

True or False: Homosexuality was a mental illness in the DSM until 1980.

A

True

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7
Q

What childhood diagnoses are products of a dysfunctional family are ignored when the diagnostic label is applied?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Conduct disorder
  • Oppositional defiant
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8
Q

Explain the Rosenhan experiment.

A

The Rosenhan experiment was an experiment to determine the psychiatric validity. This is linked back to labels

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9
Q

Labels become a ____.

A

Self-fulfilling prophecy

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10
Q

Many physical diagnoses are _____ but most mental health problems _____

A
  • Discrete
  • Lie on a continuum
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11
Q

Physical diagnoses say a lot about cause and possible treatment however

A

Psychiatric terms do not

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12
Q

Several disorders have poor reliability and/ or valdidity

A

Personality disorders, subtypes of schizophrenia

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13
Q

People who have a ‘mental illness’ are identified because

A

They are willing allies in treatment and grateful for the help

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14
Q

What was derived from cross-cultural research?

A

the diagnostic criteria for depression, mania, and schizophrenia

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15
Q

Why are labels beneficial?

A
  • People get relief from labels. It changed the connotation from being bad to ill
  • Many labels efficiently provide valuable new information on cause, treatment, and prognosis
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16
Q

What are England’s classifications?

A

Idiocy and Lunacy (1400s-1500s)

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17
Q

When did the WHO develop 3 classifications

A

1948

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18
Q

What are the 3 Classifications WHO developped in 1948

A
  1. Psychoses
  2. Neuroses
  3. Personality Disorders
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19
Q

American Psychiatric Association published what?

A

DSM-I

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20
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death

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21
Q

What was the Collaboration in 1968?

A

WHO collaborated with APA to produce ICD-8 and the DSM-II

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22
Q

Which one is False?

A) ICD-11 is very similar to the DSM

B) It is commonly used in Europe and outside of North America

C) World Health Organization was a co-writer

D) It was published it 2011

A

D) The ICD-11 was NOT published in 2011 (Published in 2018)

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of the DSM-5

A
  • Published in 2013
  • Published by the American psychiatric association
  • Very explciit indicators and contrainders
  • Similar ot the ICD
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24
Q

What are the current 3 legal definitions of importance in Canada?

A
  1. Unfit to stand trial (Canadian Criminal Code)
  2. Not criminally responsible because of a mental disorder (Canadian Criminal Code)
  3. Civil (involuntary) Commitment (Provincial Mental Health Act)
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25
Q

Which one of the following is NOT part of the Canadian Criminal Code?

A. Unfit to stand trial

B. Civil Commitment

C. Not criminally responsible because of a mental disorder

D. None of the above

A

C. Civil Commitment is part of the Provincial Mental Health Act

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26
Q

What would you need to be ‘fit to stand trial’?

A
  • Understand the nature or object of the proceedings, possible consequences of the proceedings, or communicate effectively with counsel
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27
Q

Not Criminally Responsible means

A

The person is not criminally responsible for an act committed or omission made while suffering from a mental disorder that rendered the person incapable of appreciating the nature and quality of the act or omission or of knowing it was wrong.

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28
Q

Define ‘Mental Disorder’

A

A susbtantial disorder of thought, mood, perception, orientation, or memory that grossly imapairs: judgement, behaviour, capacity to recognize reality or ability to meet the ordinary demands of life.

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29
Q

What is a review board?

A

A review board is composed of lawyers, physicians, psychiatrists, and a member of the public that determines the conditions that should be imposed on the person considering the protection of the public and well-being of the person.

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30
Q

What Occurs during Involuntary Civil Commitment?

A
  1. Police officer can take the person to the hospital for an assessment if the individual appears to be a harm to self/ others and suffering from a mental disorder
  2. If physician at the hospital has the same assessment, the person is held for 72 hours
  3. Within those 72 hours, 2 physicians (including a psychiatrist) have to make the same assessment, if so, can require patient to be admitted for longer
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31
Q

Describe ‘incidence’

A

Incidence is a rate of new cases in a given time period

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32
Q

True or False: Prevalence is the percentage of population having a disorder at any given time.

A

True

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33
Q

Which of the following is false about prevalence and psychopathology between demographic groups?

A. Gender differences

B. More common in low socioeconomic groups

C. Highest in ages 15-24

D. All of the Above

A

A. There is no sex difference (females have higher rate of depression and anxiety v.s. males have higher rates of drug abuse and antisocial personality disorder)

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34
Q

Name 3 Rare Disorders

A

Dissociative disorders, paranoia, autism, conversion disorder, anorexia, schizophrenia

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35
Q

Which of the following disorders is seeking treatment?

A. Personality Disorders
B. OCD
C. Paranoia
D. Psychosexual disorders

A

B. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

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36
Q

Provide an example of a culturally specific syndrome

A

Koro (Penis theft)
Amok
Latah
Piblokto
Taijin Kyofusho
Anorexia (Only in western cultures)

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37
Q

What are some Assessment Elements?

A

Clinical Interview, Behavioural Observations, 3rd Party Report, Psychometric Instruments, and Biological/ Neurological Testing

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38
Q

What are some disadvantages of a ‘Clinical Interview’?

A
  • Often the only part of a clinical assessment
  • Sometimes people do not know their own minds and may try to deceive you
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39
Q

What is a Behavioural Observation?

A

Observing the body language to ensure they remain consistent with what they are saying

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40
Q

How might a 3rd Party Report be useful?

A

To get an independent perspect. Specifically for addictions, this assessment element has more objective idea of the harm being caused

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41
Q

What is a Psychometric Instrument?

A

A standardized assessment instrumetn that is used by psychologists for mental health assessments

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42
Q

Which instruments are not restricted to psychologists?

A
  • Beck Depression Inventory
  • Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety
  • Psychopathy Checklist
  • Problem and Pathological Gambling Measures
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43
Q

20% of psychiatric patients have an unrecognized physical illness causing their psychiatric symptoms. What might some of those symptoms be?

A
  1. Side effects of prescription drugs
  2. Exposure to environmental toxins
  3. Endocrine dysfunction
  4. Metabolic problems
  5. Infection
  6. Brain tumour or localized seizures
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44
Q

What is the purpose of an assessment?

A
  • Determine the nature of the problem
  • Determine the severity of the problem
  • Determine the impact of the problem
  • Determine the causes of the problem
  • Determine whether there is need for treatment
  • Determine the type of treatment
  • To establish a baseline
  • To give the person objective feedback about their problem
  • To engage the person into changing their behaviour
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45
Q

What are the causes of Psychopathology?

A
  • Sin
  • Personal choice
  • Upbringing/ Parental Modelling
  • Stress
  • Neurochemical Imbalance
  • Trauma
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46
Q

What is a Biopsychosocial Model

A

Captures the complex interaction and is accepted understanding of the causes of psychopathology

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47
Q

What is the order of the variables of the biopsychosocial model?

A
  1. Genetic inheritance
  2. Environmental experience
  3. Behavioural and psychological patterns
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48
Q

What is the result of an oversensitive brain?

A

Epilepsy

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49
Q

What is the result of an underdevelopped brain?

A

Intellectual disability
- I.e., FASD

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50
Q

What is the result of an oversensitive peripheral nervous system?

A

Anxiety, Inhibition

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51
Q

What is the result of an undersensitive Peripheral Nervous system

A

Delinquency, antisocial personality, risk taking

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52
Q

Cerebral Palsy is due to

A

Underdevelopped motor cortex

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53
Q

Undercontrolled sex, drug use, eating, anger is due to

A

Underdevelopped inhibitory systems

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54
Q

What is the result of emotional dysregulation

A

Anger control problems

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55
Q

ADHD, Depression, and Drug Abuse are all results of

A

A dysfunction in the reward systems

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56
Q

When is the greatest susceptibility to neurologicla damage/ alteration

A

During Gestations (1st Trimester)

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57
Q

What are 2 things that can contribute to neurological damage and alteration?

A
  • Poor material nutrition
  • Older age (21-29 optimum for having a child)
  • Maternal disease
  • Drug use
  • Toxin exposure
  • Radiation
  • Emotional stress
  • During birth
  • During infancy
  • Adverse Childhood Experiences
  • Peer influence
  • Societal influences
  • Stress
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58
Q

What are epigenetics?

A

genes that you have inherited that have turned on or off by parents or grandparents

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59
Q

What is Anoxia?

A

Lack of oxygen - Due to damaged umbilical cord

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60
Q

What mineral has excess levels in Alzheimer’s?

A

Copper

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61
Q

Wernicker-Korsakoff Syndrome, Dementia, Depression, and Schizophrenia are linked to

A

A lack of vitamins

62
Q

What is the role of an antioxidant?

A

To protect the body against damage from free racials, this should benefit the brain function

63
Q

What is an Adverse Childhood Experience?

A

An adverse childhood experience is something that occurs during your childhood whether it’s due to the lack of rules, emotional or physical neglect, or physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, loss of a parent, poor parental modelling, overly involved and protective parents

64
Q

Explain Materialism and Capitalism

A

Continually chasing money and material goods from the characteristics of Western culture. It only improves short-term happiness

65
Q

True of False: 29% of Canadian households are a single person

A

True

66
Q

True of False: In 1940, 0% of individuals live in single person households.

A

False

67
Q

Which of the following is not an asocial entertainment?

A. Television
B. Going out in public alone
C. Phones
D. Social Media

A

B. You’re still around people when you go out in public whether you know them or not

Humans are social beings

68
Q

Describe a Sedentary lifestyle

A

A lack of exercise

69
Q

Lack of religion is

A. Sedentary lifestlye
B. Peer influence
C. Societal influence
D. Adverse childhood experience

A

C.

70
Q

In what forms does stress occur?

A
  • Health problems
  • Relationship problems; isolation
  • Work/ school problems
  • Poverty and financial problems
  • Legal and crime problems
71
Q

What are malapdaptive psychological and behavioural patterns?

A
  • Pessimistic outlook
  • Poor coping and problm-solving skills
  • Engaging in high-risk behaviour
72
Q

Personality has an environment contribution of?

(Percentage)

A

50-70%

73
Q

Which of the following is a non-genetic contribution?

A. Eating disorders
B. Bipolar
C. Autism
D. Learning disabilities

A

A. Eating disorders are strong in environmental origin

74
Q

Which of these statements is false about family studies

A. 1st degree have 50% of the same genes
B. Cousins have 12.5% of the same genes
C. Grandparents share 25% of the same genes
D. Grandparents are of the 1st degree

A

D. Grandparents are 2nd degree

75
Q

True or False: Both Identical and Fraternal Twins both share 100% of the same genes

A

False. Fraternal is 50%

76
Q

True or False Identical Twins have 70% of the concordance rate for MDD

A

True

77
Q

True or False: Fraternal twins have a 25% concordance for MDD

A

False

78
Q
A
79
Q

True or False: Dizygotic have higher concordance rates for developping mental disorders

A

False. It’s actually monozygotic

80
Q

Why are the concordance rates higher in identical twins?

A

Due to genetic contributions

81
Q

True or False: Indirect inheritance poses the same amount of risk for developping schizophrenia as direct inehritance

A

False. For this to be true, it would need to be an environmental contribution

82
Q

Name the Biological Protective Factors

A
  • No genetic history of mental health problems
  • No neurological damage
  • Resiliency to stress
  • Good intellect (better ability to problem solve)
83
Q

List the Protective Envrionmental Factors

A
  • Nurturing, disciplined upbringing
  • Good parental modelling
  • Prosocial peer group
  • Good schools/ teachers
  • Absence of severe stressors
  • Good social support
  • Adequate income
  • Positive societal orientation and practices
84
Q

Mental health professions are ____

A

Very confusing to the general public

85
Q

Clinical Psychologists must have ___

A

A Ph.D or Masters in Clinical psychology

86
Q

Counselling Psychologists tend to ____

A

Be strong in counselling and tend to treat healthier people compared to clinical psychologists

87
Q

There are about ____ registered psychologists in Alberta

A

4700

88
Q

Registered Psychologists must pass ____

A

the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology

89
Q

How long is a psychiatrist residency?

A

5 years

90
Q

What is the percentage of male psychiatrists?

A

53%

91
Q

What is the percentage of female psychiatrists?

A

47%

92
Q

Counsellors/ Psychotherapists/ Mental Health Therapists are ____

A

Varying in backgrounds and experience, it is not a hisotrically regulated profession or protected title

93
Q

Psychosocial interventions are a restricted activity in:
A. B.C
B. Ontario
C. Alberta
D. Quebec

A

C.

94
Q

Addictions Counsellors are ____

A

Sought after by AHS

95
Q

A Freudian Orientation is utilized by ___

A

Psychoanlysts

96
Q

~400 in Canada (Mostly in Quebec)

A

Psychoanalysts

97
Q

What institutions offer a social work program?

A
  • UofL
  • UofC (Lethbridge Campus)
  • Grant MacEwan
  • MRU
98
Q

To become a psychiatric nurse, you are required to have a B.N. or R.N. except in … and …

A

Quebec and Yukon

99
Q

Family Physicians

A

Are medically oriented and have the least mental health training but see majority of people with mental health problem.

100
Q

True or False: Self-help is the most common form of treamtent

A

True

101
Q

True or False: Lots of people seek help for mental health treatment

A

False

102
Q

True or False: 1/2 of people who attend treatment drop out before completion

A

True

103
Q

Most adults see

A. Psychiatrist
B. Psychotherapists
C. Psychologists
D. Physicians

A

D. (Cost free in Canada and can prescribe psychiatric medications)

104
Q

Name the Types of Treamtent for Mental Health

A
  1. Biological
  2. Behavioural
  3. Psychological
105
Q

What is ‘biological treatment’?

A

A wide range of treatments designed to change the person’s neurochemistry and/ or neurobilogy

–Recognition that thoughts, emotions and behaviours are associated with neurological events

106
Q

What are some methods of biological treatment?

A
  • Medication
  • Exercise
  • Brain surgery (Lobotomy)
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
  • Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
  • Light Therapy
  • Gene Editing
107
Q

Medication is also known as?

A

A ‘quick fix’

108
Q

What is a Lobotomy?

A

A surgery developped in 1935 by Moniz where they would insert an ice pick in a drilled hole in the forehead on top of the eye socket to destroy part of the frontal lobe

109
Q

Exercise Mechanism is a combination of what?

A
  • Decrease in cortisol
  • Increase in endorphins and endocannabinoids
  • Increased blood circulation to the brain
110
Q

What are the side effects to the Lobotomy?

A
  • Extreme listlessness
  • Stupor
  • Death
  • Seizures
111
Q

True or False: There is still a version of the lobotomy used today

A

True: Cingulatomy and Stereotaxic Tractomy

Only 25-50% get significantly better

112
Q

What is ‘Transplantation of Embryonic Neurons’?

A

Taking tissue from aborted fetuses to change the patient’s neurological conditions

113
Q

What is the voltage of seizure therapy?

A

70-130v

114
Q

How many treatments are used in ECT

A

10 treatments in total; 3x/ week

115
Q

True or False: Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is less invasive than the ECT

A

True

116
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is useful in treating ___

A

Depression and OCD

117
Q

What is a similarity between Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and an ECT?

A

Both can induce seizures, and both are a biological treamtent

118
Q

Seasonal Depression, Anxiety, and Bulimia can be treated with ___

A

30 minutes of bright outdoor light per day

Best given in the morning

119
Q

Explain the process of gene editing

A

Gene editing involves replacing the defective genetic instructions that build the the body/ brain in the wrong way with the right instructions to correct the mistake

120
Q

What are the problems of Gene Editing?

A
  • Fixes the wrong gene
  • We don’t know the genetic basis for many mental health problems
  • Genetics are only partially responsible for mental health problems
  • When genes are the cause for mental health problems there’s usually many genes involved
121
Q

What is the role of classical conditioning?

A

To extinguish the associations by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus in the absence of reward or punishment

Desensitization

122
Q

List the forms of ‘Behavioural Treatment’

A
  • Behaviour modification programs
  • Desensitzation (Exposure Therapy)
  • Aversion Therapy
123
Q

What is the role of a behaviour modification program?

A

A formal program whereby you ensure that maladaptive behaviour is not followed by reward and adaptive behaviour is

124
Q

Behaviour modification programs differ from ___

A

Informal use of reward and punishment by the consistency and explicitness of the rewards

125
Q

What can effectively be use for all populations and all mental health problems as long as the person themselves rigorously adheres to the reward program?

A. Behaviour modification programs
B. ECT
C. Psychotherapy
D. Gene editing

A

A.

126
Q

Exposure Therapy is also called ___

A

Desensitization

127
Q

Which of the following is a form of desensitzation?

A. Eye movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
B. Lobotomy
C. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
D. Light Therapy

A

A.

128
Q

What are some examples of aversion therapy being used?

A
  • Pedophilia: when a person shows arousal to innapropriate imagery they get an electric shock, graphic image of a car accident, or an unpleasant smell
  • Alcoholism: Taking medication everyday and when person drinks alcohol they get very sick
  • Teenager smoking, and parent forces teenager to finish a whole pack of cigarettes in one go
129
Q

What are the forms of Psychological Treatment?

A
  • Insight Therapy
  • Play Therapy
  • Humanistic Treatment
  • Cognitive Restructuring
  • Counselling
  • Hypnosis
130
Q

Freud popularized ….. in the 1900s

A

Psychoanalysis

131
Q

True or False: Psychotherapy has the same orientations

A

False

No each has a different orientation. There’s always new ones being made

132
Q

Psychological/ talking therapies are almost always a …..

A

Component of treatment

133
Q

Problems due to unresolved psychological conflicts is what kind of therapy?

A

Insight Therapy

134
Q

Explain Humanistic Treatment

A

Humanistic Treatment empahsizes on people’s capacity to make rational choices and develop their maximum potential

135
Q

Some examples of ‘Humanistic Treatment’ might be

A
  • Client-Centred Therapy (Empathy and Unconditional Positive Regard)
  • Gestalt Therapy (Here and Now)
136
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy would be an example of ____

A

Cognitive Restructuring

137
Q

Cognitive restructuring is classically used for ___

A

Depression - Instrusive, negative thoughts

138
Q

The most common type of counselling is:

A. Animal counselling
B. Indigenous counselling
C. Psychtherapy
D. Gestalt therapy

A

C.

139
Q

How many people are hypnotizable?

A

~20%

140
Q

True or False: Family Therapy is important for child/ adolescent problems such as anorexia in family dynamics

A

True

141
Q

What are some of the benefits to group therapy?

A
  • Sometimes treat a problem
  • Cost efficient
  • Provides social support for each participant
142
Q

The placebo effect operates through what?

A

Most but not all types of therapies

143
Q

Describe the Placebo Effect’s role in a non-specific therapeutic elements setting

A
  • goal is to receive treatment and be receptive to it
  • Expecting a positive outcome when receving treatment
  • Natural recovery
  • Personal interaction provides emotional support
144
Q

True or False: Long-term treatment effectiveness is better than non-medication treatments

A

True

145
Q

What is the percentage of people who receive the placebo treatment better off?

A

50%

146
Q

What is the percentage of people who receive no treatmetn are better off?

A

33%

147
Q

What can cause a weak relationship to treatment outcome?

A
  • Setting
  • Duration of Treatment
  • Experience, training and profession of the therapist
  • Type of evidence-based treatment
148
Q

What creates a strong relationship to treatment outcome?

A
  • Client qualities
  • Therapist qualities
  • Quality of relationship between the therapist and client
  • Receving and staying in treatment
  • Positive expectancies
  • Providing comprehensive services
149
Q

True or False: Inpatient and Outpatient Treamtent have different outcomes

A

False: both are equally the same

Outpatient more common; more cost effective

150
Q

True or False: It is not counter-productive to specialize in one therapeutic treatment

A

False: You want to adapt to your client’s needs

151
Q

What does it mean to be eclectic?

A

Conform and adapt to different/ new things

Adult Psychopathology (4 decks)

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