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Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Neural Development

A

Involves gene expression and signal transduction (nervous system in the brain)

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2
Q

Neuronal Plasticity

A

Modifications to nervous system after birth; activity dependent; “use it or lose it”

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3
Q

Synapses

A

Junction between neurons that tell the brain memories. When broken, the memory is “lost”

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4
Q

First step in the process of memory formation

A

Stimulus

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5
Q

Second step in the process of memory formation

A

Sensory Memory

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6
Q

Third step in the process of memory formation

A

Short-Term Memory

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7
Q

Fourth step in the process of memory formation

A

Long-Term Memory

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8
Q

Process of retrieving memory from the long-term memory into the short-term

A

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

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9
Q

What happens when sensory memory and short-term memory is not encoded?

A

Forgotten

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10
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

Encoding and reencoding memories; changes the brain (stronger synapses/memory)

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11
Q

Neuron

A

Nerve Cell

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12
Q

Emergence

A

The whole is more than just the sum of its parts (ex: H2O)

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13
Q

Levels of Biological Organization (largest to smallest)

A

Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs & Organ Systems
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecule

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14
Q

BECPO(OS)TCOM

A

An acronym for the levels of biological organization

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15
Q

1st level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Biosphere

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16
Q

2nd level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Ecosystems

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17
Q

3rd level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Communities

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18
Q

4th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Populations

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19
Q

5th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Organisms

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20
Q

6th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Organs/Organ Systems

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21
Q

7th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Tissues

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22
Q

8th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Cells

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23
Q

9th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Organelles

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24
Q

10th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

A

Molecules

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25
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable explanation for observations based on available data

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26
Q

Prediction

A

What you expect to see when you test your hypothesis

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27
Q

Theory

A

Broad explanation with significant support

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28
Q

Law

A

Statement of what always occurs under certain circumstances

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29
Q

The Scientific Method

A

Observation, hypothesis, experiment, data collection, conclusion, and retest (if needed)

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30
Q

Electrons (e-)

A

A subatomic particle with a negative charge, move rapidly, determine how element reacts

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31
Q

What happens when an electron is excited?

A

Moves farther away from the nucleus, can be used to do work

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32
Q

Electron shell

A

Electron’s potential energy

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33
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell- where the bonds between electrons form

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34
Q

CHON

A

The four main elements in chemistry- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

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35
Q

Molecule

A

Compound with 2 or more atoms

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36
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to change or perform work

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37
Q

Electronegativity

A

Affinity for electrons; tendency of an atom to attract electrons

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38
Q

In terms of biology, which element has the highest electronegativity?

A

Oxygen

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39
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons between atoms

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40
Q

Ionic bond

A

Stealing of electron between atoms, polar, anion, and cation, salts

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41
Q

Nonpolar Covalent

A

Same electronegativity- share e- equally

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42
Q

Polar Covalent

A

<2 difference in electronegativity= share e- unequally

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43
Q

Cation

A

Positive ion

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44
Q

Anion

A

Negative ion

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45
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Very strong dipole-dipole interactions; hold water together (polarity causes attractions w/ each other)

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46
Q

Van Der Waals

A

Develop because electrons are in constant motion. Involves hydrogen bonds and london dispersion forces.

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47
Q

What are the emergent properties of water?

A

Hydrogen bonds, cohesive behavior, moderates temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent

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48
Q

Cohesion

A

Molecules stick to each other

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49
Q

Adhesion

A

Water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding

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50
Q

Surface Tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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51
Q

Does water have a high or low specific heat?

A

High specific heat

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52
Q

What does a high specific heat mean?

A

Hard to change the temperature of H2O

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53
Q

Does water have a high or low heat of vaporization?

A

High heat of vaporization

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54
Q

What does a high heat of vaporization mean?

A

Hard to change state

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55
Q

Why does ice float in water?

A

Ice is less dense than water, H bonds are more “ordered”, makes air pockets

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56
Q

When does water reach its greatest density?

A

4 degrees celsius

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57
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Water loving (ions, salts)

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58
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Water fearing (lipids)

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59
Q

Is something hydrophilic polar or nonpolar?

A

Polar

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60
Q

Is something hydrophobic polar or nonpolar?

A

Nonpolar

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61
Q

Why is carbon important in organic compounds?

A

It provides molecule length, double-bond positions, branching, and suggests the presence of rings

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62
Q

What is function parallel with?

A

Structure

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63
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds composed of only hydrogen and oxygen (nonpolar)

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64
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

-OH

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65
Q

What is the compound name of hydroxyl?

A

Alcohol (-ol)

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66
Q

Is hydroxyl polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Polar, Hydrophilic

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67
Q

How acidic is hydroxyl?

A

Slightly acidic

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68
Q

Carbonyl group

A

C=O

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69
Q

What is the compound name of carbonyl?

A

Aldehyde/ketone

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70
Q

Is carbonyl polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Polar, Hydrophilic

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71
Q

How acidic is carbonyl?

A

Slightly acidic

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72
Q

Carboxyl Group

A

-COOH

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73
Q

What is the compound name of Carboxyl?

A

Carboxylic acid

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74
Q

Is Carboxyl polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?

A

Polar, Hydrophilic

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75
Q

How acidic is Carboxyl?

A

Acidic

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76
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2

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77
Q

What is the compound name for amino?

A

Amines

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78
Q

Is amino polar/nonpolar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Polar, hydrophilic

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79
Q

How acidic is amino?

A

Basic

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80
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

-SH

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81
Q

What is the compound name of sulfhydryl?

A

Slightly acidic

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82
Q

Phosphate group

A

-PO4H2

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83
Q

What is the compound name of phosphate?

A

Organic Phosphate

84
Q

Is phosphate polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Polar, hydrophilic

85
Q

How acidic is phosphate?

A

Acidic

86
Q

Methyl group

A

-CH3

87
Q

What is the compound name of methyl?

A

Methyl Hydrocarbon

88
Q

Is methyl polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

Nonpolar, hydrophobic

89
Q

How acidic is methyl?

A

Neutral

90
Q

Is oil saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated

91
Q

Monomers

A

Building blocks of polymers

92
Q

Which biological molecule is not a polymer?

A

Lipids

93
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules

94
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule

95
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that splits a molecule by adding water

96
Q

What enzyme is used in dehydration synthesis?

A

Dehydrogenases

97
Q

What enzyme is used in hydrolysis?

A

Hydrolases

98
Q

Carbohydrates follow what pattern?

A

CH2O

99
Q

What’s the monomer of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

100
Q

What’s the formula of glucose?

A

C6H12O6

101
Q

α glucose and β glucose

A

2 ways a glucose ring are formed

102
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

103
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

104
Q

Storage function of carbohydrates

A

Starch, glycogen (α glucose)

105
Q

Structural function of carbohydrates

A

cellulose, chitin (β glucose)

106
Q

What’s the function of a fat?

A

Energy storage

107
Q

What is fat made of?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

108
Q

Trigliceride

A

The storage form of fat

109
Q

What is a covalent bond in a fat called?

A

Ester linkage

110
Q

Saturated Fat

A

Lipid with no double bonds (straight molecule)

111
Q

Unsaturated Fat

A

Lipid with double bonds (double bond causes bending)

112
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Phospholipids

113
Q

What does amphipathic mean?

A

Having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions (Polar/Nonpolar sides)

114
Q

What are cholesterols in animals used for?

A

Communication

115
Q

What’s the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acid

116
Q

What’s a protein polymer?

A

Polypeptide

117
Q

What does the structure of an amino acid look like?

A

Cat whiskers consisting all of CHON

118
Q

Protein Folding

A

Primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure

119
Q

Denaturation

A

Loss of a protein’s native structure, a denatured protein is biologically inactive

120
Q

What causes denaturation?

A

pH, temperature, salt concentration

121
Q

What’s the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotides

122
Q

What are the polymers of nucleic acid?

A

DNA and RNA

123
Q

What are the four requirements for abiogenesis?

A

Little or no free oxygen, source of energy, CHON, time

124
Q

Abiogenesis

A

spontaneous generation (development of life from lifeless matter)

125
Q

What are the four steps of abiogenesis?

A
  1. abiotic synthesis of monomers
  2. synthesis of macromolecules
  3. formation of protocells
  4. self replication
126
Q

Prebiotic Soup Hypothesis

A

Life formed near Earth’s surface (spontaneous formation of monomers)

127
Q

Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis

A

Life formed at cracks of ocean floor–> hydrothermal vents (hot rocks=dehydration synthesis)

128
Q

Protocells

A

Fat balls that aren’t quite alive but have many properties of life (No RNA/DNA)

129
Q

Organic polymers exhibit what attributes of living cells while not alive?

A

Osmosis, homeostasis, divide (No RNA/DNA)

130
Q

Ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that function as enzymes, catalyze protein synthesis in abiogenesis

131
Q

Why are enzymes useful?

A

Catalyze to lower the energy needed to start a reaction

131
Q

Prokaryote

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

132
Q

What came first, heterotrophs or autotrophs?

A

Heterotrophs

132
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis

133
Q

Oxygen Revolution

A

The mass accumulation of oxygen released by cyanobacteria billions of years ago

133
Q

Aerobic

A

Requires oxygen

133
Q

Eukaryote

A

A cell that contains and nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

133
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without oxygen

133
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once what?

A

Prokaryotes

134
Q

Endosymbiotic Theory

A

Explains that eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells

135
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Bacteria and archaea; no nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles; 1-10 μm

136
Q

Nucleoid

A

Region of prokaryotic cells where DNA is located; it is not bounded by a nuclear envelope

137
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes; DNA in nucleus; 10-100 μm

138
Q

Cell Theory

A

Idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

139
Q

Basic Cell Structure

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytosol
  3. Chromosomes
  4. Ribosomes
140
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

141
Q

Cytosol

A

The semifluid portion of the cytoplasm

142
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that carry the genes

143
Q

Ribosomes

A

made of RNA, make polypeptides (proteins)

144
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

Because surface area must be optimal to support exchange for the entire volume of the cell

145
Q

Nucleus

A

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction. Stores chromatin (DNA and proteins)

146
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

2 phospholipid bilayers that surrounds the nucleus of the cell to protect DNA; porous

147
Q

What is in the structure of the nucleus?

A

DNA, the nucleolus, surrounded by the nuclear envelope

148
Q

What makes ribosomes?

A

Nucleolus

149
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

The inner lining of the nuclear envelope

150
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplasts both have what?

A

Their own ribosomes, membranes, and DNA/RNA

151
Q

Are ribosomes organelles?

A

No, they are not membrane bound

152
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free and bound

153
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles

154
Q

What’s the path of the endomembrane system?

A

Plasma Membrane–> Nuclear Envelope–> Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)–> Golgi Apparatus–> Lysosomes–> Vacuoles

155
Q

Smooth ER

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is free of ribosomes

156
Q

Rough ER

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes

157
Q

Lumen

A

Space within a tubular part or organ; internal space

158
Q

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

A
  1. Synthesizes lipids
  2. Metabolizes carbohydrates
  3. Detoxifies drugs and poisons
  4. Stores calcium ions (Ca2+)
159
Q

What are the functions of the rough ER?

A
  1. Folds and modifies proteins
  2. Secrete glycoproteins/transport vesicles
  3. Membrane Factory
160
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A system of membranes that is found in a cell’s cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids; continuous with nuclear envelope; smooth and rough

161
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

162
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened membraneous sacs (structure of Golgi)

163
Q

Cis Face

A

Receiving side of Golgi apparatus

164
Q

Trans Face

A

Shipping side of Golgi apparatus

165
Q

What are the functions of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  1. Modifies products of the ER
  2. Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles
  3. Manufacture certain macromolecules
  4. Shipping using transport vesicles
166
Q

Lysosomes

A

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes “cell stomach” or “garbage disposal”

167
Q

Primary Lysosome

A

Buds off golgi - full of hydrolases

168
Q

Secondary Lysosome

A

Breaks down complex molecules

169
Q

Vacuoles

A

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

170
Q

How does a phospholipid bilayer form?

A

Spontaneously

171
Q

CC two types of membrane transport

A

Passive:
- doesn’t use ATP
- moves with concentration gradient

Active:
- uses ATP
- moves against concentration gradient

172
Q

CC Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

A

Prokaryotic:
- tiny
- no nucleus
- DNA 1 strand
- no organelles
- have cell wall
- divide by binary fission

Eukaryotic:
- larger
- membrane bound organelles
- ribosomes in cytosol
- divide by mitosis

173
Q

What are the 4 steps of abiogenesis?

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of monomers
  2. Abiotic synthesis of polymers/macromolecules
  3. Formation into protocells
  4. Self-replicating cells
174
Q

Levels of protein structure

A
  1. Primary-> SEQ amino acids
  2. Secondary-> H bonds close together
  3. Tertiary-> R- groups interact 3-D shape
  4. Quarternary-> Interations with several polypeptides
175
Q

CC Cis face vs trans face

A

Cis face: “receiving” side of golgi
Trans face: “shipping” side of golgi

176
Q

What are the 2 things in membrane structure?

A
  1. Membrane components-> phospholipid bilayer forms spontaneously
  2. Fluid mosaic model-> fluidity depends on temp, tail length, amount of cholesterol
177
Q

CC endocytosis and exocytosis

A

Endocytosis: Contents taken in the cell
- phagocytosis- cell eating
- pinocytosis- cell drinking
Exocytosis: contents leaving the cell

178
Q

CC isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions

A

Isotonic: = everything inside and outside cell is =
Hypertonic: solute outside cell is greater than the solute inside cell
Hypotonic: solute outside cell is less than the solute inside the cell.

179
Q

Solvent vs. Solute and give example

A

Solvent: a substance that dissolves something -> ex: water

Solute: the substance that is being dissolved -> ex: salt, sugar

180
Q

CC anabolic vs catabolic pathways

A

Anabolic: small molecules form larger ones. Energy required, build complex molecules

Catabolic: break down complex molecules. Release energy.

181
Q

SEQ the pathway of digestive enzyme

A
  1. rough ER
  2. vesicle
  3. Golgi apparatus
  4. Lysosome
182
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.

183
Q

CC kinetic vs potential energy

A

Kinetic: Energy of motion
Potential: Stored/saved energy

184
Q

What are the 4 features of a cell?

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Cytosol/cytoplasm
  3. DNA/ Chromosomes
  4. Ribosomes
185
Q

What are the 4 requirements for abiogenesis?

A
  1. little to no free oxygen
  2. source of energy
  3. CHON
  4. Time
186
Q

When does neural development occur? What two things are involved?

A

-occurs before birth
1. gene expression
2. signal transduction

187
Q

What is neuronal plasticity?

A

Your brain’s ability to change/modify connections based on experiences

188
Q

What are the 3 types of memory?

A
  1. Sensory memory
  2. Short-term memory
  3. Long-term memory
189
Q

What is long term potentiation? (LTP)

A

The ability to retrieve from your memory. Signaling between two neurons.

190
Q

SEQ the scientific method

A
  1. Observation
  2. Background
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Prediction
  5. Experiements
  6. Evaluate
191
Q

How many of the 92 elements are essential to life? What 4 make up 96% of living matter?

A

25 out of 92.
- Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen

192
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles of an atom?

What is the charge of each?

A
  1. Protons
  2. Neutrons
  3. Electrons

Protons-> positive
Neutrons-> no charge
Electrons-> negative

193
Q

What are the 2 most electronegative atoms?

A

Oxygen and fluorine

194
Q

Covalent vs Ionic bonds CC

A

Covalent:
- very strong
- non-polar (share e- equally)
- polar (unequal e-)

Ionic:
- very weak
- anion (-)
- cation (+)
- hydrophilic

195
Q

Van der Waals

A
  • nonpolar
  • electrons in constant motion
    ex: lizards sticking to a wall
196
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A
  • weakest
  • constantly broken
197
Q

Out of the 7 functional groups which is NOT polar or hydrophilic?

A

Methyl

198
Q

Monomers join together to form polymers, what are the 3 biological molecules that are polymers?

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic Acids
199
Q

Hydrolysis vs Dehydration Synthesis

A

Hydrolysis: breaking molecule by adding water

Dehydration Synthesis: synthesizing molecule by removing water

200
Q

Carbohydrates and Lipids CC

A

Carbohydrates:
- monomer
- polymer
- ring formed

Lipids:
- not polymers
- hydrophobic
- fat energy storage

201
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus

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