Exam 1 Flashcards
Neural Development
Involves gene expression and signal transduction (nervous system in the brain)
Neuronal Plasticity
Modifications to nervous system after birth; activity dependent; “use it or lose it”
Synapses
Junction between neurons that tell the brain memories. When broken, the memory is “lost”
First step in the process of memory formation
Stimulus
Second step in the process of memory formation
Sensory Memory
Third step in the process of memory formation
Short-Term Memory
Fourth step in the process of memory formation
Long-Term Memory
Process of retrieving memory from the long-term memory into the short-term
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)
What happens when sensory memory and short-term memory is not encoded?
Forgotten
Long-Term Potentiation
Encoding and reencoding memories; changes the brain (stronger synapses/memory)
Neuron
Nerve Cell
Emergence
The whole is more than just the sum of its parts (ex: H2O)
Levels of Biological Organization (largest to smallest)
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Organs & Organ Systems
Tissues
Cells
Organelles
Molecule
BECPO(OS)TCOM
An acronym for the levels of biological organization
1st level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Biosphere
2nd level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Ecosystems
3rd level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Communities
4th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Populations
5th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Organisms
6th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Organs/Organ Systems
7th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Tissues
8th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Cells
9th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Organelles
10th level of biological organization (from largest to smallest)
Molecules
Hypothesis
Testable explanation for observations based on available data
Prediction
What you expect to see when you test your hypothesis
Theory
Broad explanation with significant support
Law
Statement of what always occurs under certain circumstances
The Scientific Method
Observation, hypothesis, experiment, data collection, conclusion, and retest (if needed)
Electrons (e-)
A subatomic particle with a negative charge, move rapidly, determine how element reacts
What happens when an electron is excited?
Moves farther away from the nucleus, can be used to do work
Electron shell
Electron’s potential energy
Valence shell
Outermost shell- where the bonds between electrons form
CHON
The four main elements in chemistry- Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Molecule
Compound with 2 or more atoms
Energy
Capacity to change or perform work
Electronegativity
Affinity for electrons; tendency of an atom to attract electrons
In terms of biology, which element has the highest electronegativity?
Oxygen
Covalent bond
Sharing of electrons between atoms
Ionic bond
Stealing of electron between atoms, polar, anion, and cation, salts
Nonpolar Covalent
Same electronegativity- share e- equally
Polar Covalent
<2 difference in electronegativity= share e- unequally
Cation
Positive ion
Anion
Negative ion
Hydrogen bond
Very strong dipole-dipole interactions; hold water together (polarity causes attractions w/ each other)
Van Der Waals
Develop because electrons are in constant motion. Involves hydrogen bonds and london dispersion forces.
What are the emergent properties of water?
Hydrogen bonds, cohesive behavior, moderates temperature, expansion upon freezing, versatility as a solvent
Cohesion
Molecules stick to each other
Adhesion
Water molecules stick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding
Surface Tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
Does water have a high or low specific heat?
High specific heat
What does a high specific heat mean?
Hard to change the temperature of H2O
Does water have a high or low heat of vaporization?
High heat of vaporization
What does a high heat of vaporization mean?
Hard to change state
Why does ice float in water?
Ice is less dense than water, H bonds are more “ordered”, makes air pockets
When does water reach its greatest density?
4 degrees celsius
Hydrophilic
Water loving (ions, salts)
Hydrophobic
Water fearing (lipids)
Is something hydrophilic polar or nonpolar?
Polar
Is something hydrophobic polar or nonpolar?
Nonpolar
Why is carbon important in organic compounds?
It provides molecule length, double-bond positions, branching, and suggests the presence of rings
What is function parallel with?
Structure
Hydrocarbons
Compounds composed of only hydrogen and oxygen (nonpolar)
Hydroxyl group
-OH
What is the compound name of hydroxyl?
Alcohol (-ol)
Is hydroxyl polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Polar, Hydrophilic
How acidic is hydroxyl?
Slightly acidic
Carbonyl group
C=O
What is the compound name of carbonyl?
Aldehyde/ketone
Is carbonyl polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Polar, Hydrophilic
How acidic is carbonyl?
Slightly acidic
Carboxyl Group
-COOH
What is the compound name of Carboxyl?
Carboxylic acid
Is Carboxyl polar/nonpolar? Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic?
Polar, Hydrophilic
How acidic is Carboxyl?
Acidic
Amino group
-NH2
What is the compound name for amino?
Amines
Is amino polar/nonpolar? Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Polar, hydrophilic
How acidic is amino?
Basic
Sulfhydryl group
-SH
What is the compound name of sulfhydryl?
Slightly acidic
Phosphate group
-PO4H2