Exam 1 Flashcards
PPCP: Collect
- Prominent symptoms & severity
- Onset & duration
- Any measures tried & their success
QuEST
- Quickly assess
- Establish self-care appropriateness
- Suggest care
- Talk to the patient
SCHOLAR
- Symptoms
- Characteristics
- History
- Onset
- Location
- Aggravating factors
- Remitting factors
Influences of self-care medication
- Elderly pts
- Restricted access to prescribers through health management org
- Increasing health care $
- Emerging concept of non-rx drugs in disease mng
- Internet
- Pretax $
- Women > men
FDA Drug labeling sections
- active ingredients
- uses
- warnings
- when to use
- directions
- inactive ingredients
FDA drug labeling D/I has been changed to ___
Ask your physician or pharmacist
When do we refer pts?
- Severe symptoms
- Minor but persistent symptoms
- Repeatedly returning symptoms w/ no readily recognizable cause
- pharmacist in doubt
Risk factors of T2DM
Age, obesity, lack of physical activity, family hx, GDM hx, PCOS, HTN, dyslipidemia, prediabetes
Preventative measures of diabetes
- Self monitoring BG: frequency
- Eye care
- Dental care
- Skin care
- Foot care
- Med adherence
- Sick day mng
- Immunization (influenza, hep B, pneumococcal)
DM: limit daily intake to __ alcohol beverages for men & __ for women
Two; one
ADA A1c goal
< 7%
ADA pre-prandial goal
80 - 130 mg/dL
ADA 2 hr postprandial goal
< 180 mg/dL
HTN BP goal for DM
< 130/80 mmHg
Aspirin for CV protection: secondary (hx of ASCVD)
Use aspirin
Aspirin for CV protection: primary
- Age >= 50 : DM & 1 major risk factor –> aspirin
- Age < 50 or >= 70 : X
Factors affecting insulin absorption- Site
Abdomen > arm > thigh > buttock
Factors affecting insulin absorption- Depth of injection
IV > IM > SC
Factors affecting insulin absorption- Other
- Exercise increases
- Skin temperature: cold decreases
- Massaging injection site: increases
- Smoking decreases
Hypoglycemia S/S
- Sweating
- Tachycardia
- Palpitations
- Confusion
- Tiredness
Treating hypoglycemia
Rule of 15
- 3 teaspoonful or 3 cubes of sugar
- 5 to 6 lifesavers
- 3 glucose tablets
- 4 oz juice
- 9 oz milk
If glucose below 60 mg/dL after 15 mins of treating hypoglycemia
Repeat another 15 g of CHO
SMBG frequency considerations:
- assess pt compliance
- vary timing of SMBG
- incorporate pt daily schedule and habits
- give ownership to the pt
A1c reading frequency testing is recommended at least quarterly (Q 3 months) for:
- newly diagnosed
- therapy recently changed
- poorly controlled, unstable, or intensively managed
A1c reading frequency testing is recommended at least twice a year (Q 6 months) for:
stable glycemic control
Ketone testing is a marker of __ and __
insulin deprivation and subsequent hyperglycemia
Ketone level should be tested every 4 to 6 hrs when:
- Acute illness
- BG > 240 ng/dL
- Symptoms of DKA (fruity breath, thirst, frequent urination, Kussmaul breathing, abdominal pain/vomiting, flu-like symptoms, confusion, stupor, coma)
Use control solutions when:
- New monitor & test strips
- Improper storage for test strips
- Unusual results
- Symptoms do not match your results
Tips for using control solutions:
- Discard after 90 days or expired
- Check to see if there is more than one solution for your meter
- Know you model when you reorder
Do not use alternate testing sites when:
- Acutely/frequently hypoglycemic
- Within 2 hrs after a meal, insulin dose, or exercise
- Acutely ill
Fermentation process of prebiotics
- Prebiotics must be fermented in the colon
- Fiber can act as a prebiotic and are fermented by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli
- Fermentation leads to short chain fatty acids and lactate production
What are the two common bacteria that ferment fiber in the colon?
bifidobacteria and lactobacilli
Most common type of prebiotics is ____
inulin-type fructans
Benefits of prebiotics
- Reduce duration and prevalence of infectious and antibiotic-associated diarrhea
- Stool bulking and decreased constipation
- Reduce inflammation and symptoms with IBD
- Enhance absorption of minerals (Ca, Mg)
- Promote satiety and weight loss
- Increase bifidobacterium for digesting fiber and preventing infections
- Enhancement by synbiotics
Protective effects of probiotics
- GI barrier function
- Antimicrobial activity
- Alter EC inflammatory responses
- Enhance antiviral activity
- Increase CD4+ (regulatory) T cells
- Activate MP
Safety considerations of probiotics
- Minor GI AEs
- Systemic infections
- Avoid in immunocompromised
- Probiotics via a jejunostomy tube increase risk of AEs
CoenzymeQ10 E/S, clinical pearls (CP)
- Likely effective for CoQ10 deficiency, mitochondrial dysfunction
- Likely safe
- Diarrhea, N/V, heartburn, vit K-like activity
Fish oil E/S, CP
- Effective for hypertriglyceridemia
- Likely safe
- Increase LDL 1%, fishy burps
Niacin dose, E/S, CP
- 500 mg PO, max 2 g daily
- Likely effective for dyslipidemia & pellagra
- Likely safe
- Flushing, abdominal pain, increased LFTs
Red yeast rice E/S, CP
- Likely effective for hyperlipidemia
- Possibly safe
- X in preg, abdominal pain
Gingko Biloba E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for anxiety, dementia, hearing loss, PMS, schizophrenia, stroke, tardive dyskinsea, vertigo
- Likely safe
- Caution w/ DTIs (dabigatran), GI upset, N/V, dizziness
Garlic E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for atherosclerosis, diabetes, HTN, NAFLD, periodontitis, endometriosis
- Likely safe
- Body odor/bad breath
Melatonin E/S, CP
- Likely effective for delayed sleep phase syndrome, non 24 hr sleep wake disorder
- Likely safe
- Onset w/i 1 hr, may increase VLDL & trig, mood swings
St. John’s Wort E/S, CP
- Likely effective for depression
- Likely safe
- Palpitations, sedation, insomnia, major DDI
Three major DDIs for St. John’s Wort
Contraceptives, omeprazole, SSRIs
Alpha lipoic acid E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for diabetic neuropathy, hyperlipidemia, obesity
- Possibly safe
- Headache, heartburn, N/V
Echinacea E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for common cold
- Likely safe
- Severe allergic reactions < 12 yrs, N/V, abdominal pain
Elderberry E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for influenza
- Likely safe
- Unripe, raw = toxic -> severe NVD so cook
Cranberry E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for recurrent UTIs
- Likely safe
- GI upset or diarrhea
Turmeric/Curcumin E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for allergic rhinitis, depression, dyspepsia, hyperlipidemia, NAFLD, osteoarthritis, pruritus
- Likely safe
- Unsafe in preg & lac
Black Cohosh E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for menopausal symptoms
- Possibly safe
- Unsafe in preg & lac, breast tenderness, dizziness, GI upset, risk of liver damage if taken w/ other hepatotoxic drugs
Fenugreek E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for T2DM, dysmenorrhea, sexual arousal/dysfunction
- Likely safe
- Bloating, dyspepsia, GI upset, hypoglycemia
Glucosamine E/S, CP
- Possibly effective for osteoarthritis (only w/ chondroitin)
- Likely safe
- do NOT take if on warfarin, use caution in pts with asthma, beware of shellfish allergy
What is the only effective herbal?
Fish oil
What are examples of likely effective herbals?
- Coenzyme Q10
- Niacin
- Red Yeast Rice
- Melatonin
- St. John’s Wort
St. Red MeN 10
What are examples of possibly safe herbals?
- Black cohosh
- Alpha lipoic acid
- Red yeast rice
BAR
Bacterial Vaginosis marked symptom
Unpleasant “fishy” odor
Bacterial Vaginosis treatment
- X self-treat
- Topical or oral clindamycin or metronidazole
- Sexual partners not warranted for routine tx
Trichomoniasis marked symptom
Copious, malodorous, yellow-green (discolored), frothy discharge
Trichomoniasis treatment
- X self-treat
- Metronidazole or tinidazole
- MUST treat partners
Vulvoganial Candidiasis marked symptoms
Thick, white “cottage cheese” discharge
Vulvoganial Candidiasis exclusions for self-treatment
- Pregnancy
- Girls < 12 yrs
- Concurrent or systemic symptoms
- Steroids, antineoplastic
- Medical disorders (DM, HIV)
- Recurrent infection
Vulvoganial Candidiasis nonpharmacologic therapy
- Decrease sugar, refined CHO consumption
- Increase yogurt containing live culture consumption
- D/C drugs that may predispose to infection
Vulvoganial Candidiasis pharmacological therapy
- Non-rx imidazole antifungal
- Butoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, tioconazole
Vulvoganial Candidiasis pharmacologic therapy pt counseling points
- Start tx at night, before going to bed
- Wash applicator with warm water and soap b/w uses
- Complete tx to prevent recurrence
- Continue using even during menstruation
- Should improve w/i 24 - 72 hrs in 7 days
- If > 7days, no improvement in 3 days -> PCP
- Avoid sexual intercourse
Atrophic Vaginitis marked symptoms
Dyspareunia, vaginal dryness
Atrophic Vaginitis pharmacologic therapy
- Vaginal lubricants
- Water > Silicone-based
- Vaseline should NOT be used
Vaginal Disorder home test kit pH > 5.0
BV or trichomoniasis
Vaginal Disorder home test kit pH 4.5
Yeast infection (BVC)
Vaginal douching counseling points
- NOT recommended
- C/I during pregnancy
- Delay douching for 6 - 8 hrs after intercourse if vaginal spermicide was used
Cow’s milk formula CHO, protein, fat
- CHO: lactose
- Protein: whey +/- casein
- Fat: vegetable oil > coconut, soy, palm olein, safflower, sunflower oil
Soy-based formula indication
Lactose deficiency/intolerance, galactosemia, cow’s milk protein allergy, vegetarians