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MLC 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

where does sensing occur

A

peripheral receptors

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2
Q

where does perceiving occur

A

1st and 2nd sensory cortices

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3
Q

where does interpreting occur

A

higher level sensory processing areas in parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes

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4
Q

where does conceptualizing occur

A

prefrontal cortex, other higher level association areas

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5
Q

where does strategy/planning occur

A

supplementary motor cortex basal ganglia/cerebellum

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6
Q

where does execution occur

A

motor neurons and mm/joints

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7
Q

describe hierarchial distributing processing

A

within ascending levels of SNS

with perception higher brain centers integrate input from many different systems and interpret sensory info

with motor control higher brain centers form motor plans/stretegies

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8
Q

describe parallel distributed processing

A

signal processed simultaneiously among multiple different brain structures

cerebellum and basal gangial process info at the same time before sending to motor cortex

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9
Q

what is the nuclear chain

A

rate of change or dynamic muscle length (stretch slowly)

spherical nuclei/static and dynamic

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10
Q

What are bag fibers

A

steady state or static muscle length (stretch quickly)

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11
Q

how do afferent neurons affect muscle spindle function for inhibition/activation

A

afferent neurons intrafusal on fibers sense muscle length changes

respond to quick stretch

mostly responsive to steady state/static muscle length

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12
Q

what are golgi tendon organ and what are their functions

A

muscle tendon junction

info carried to CNS by afferent fibers

inhibits motor neurons to agonist muscle and excite antagonist muscle, protect against tension

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13
Q

what are the types of joint receptors

A

ruffini type
paciniform endings
ligament receptors
free nerve endings

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14
Q

what are joint receptors located and what are their function

A

located in joint capsule
sensitive to joint angle, position, etc

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15
Q

what are the types of cutaneous recpetors

A

mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nocioreceptors

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16
Q

what is the function of cutaneous receptros

A

used in hierarchical processing

lower levels of CNS = skin provides info for reflexes

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17
Q

what is the function of the dorsal lateral medial lemniscus

A

transfers information from touch and pressure receptors

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18
Q

what is the fucntion of the anterolateral spinothalamic tract

A

transfers information on pain, temperature, crude touche, and pressure

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19
Q

what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex

A

processes afferent sensory information

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20
Q

what is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex

A

stores, processes, retains information from primary cortex

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21
Q

what is the function of the association cortex

A

transition from perception to action

interplay between cognotive and perceptual processing

link info from several senses

22
Q

what is the vision systems role in motor control

A

identify object in space
gives info of where we are in space
visual proprioception

23
Q

what is the vestibular systems role in motor control

A

sensitive to position of head in space, sudden changes in direction or movement of the head

semicircular canals

important to stabilize eyes and maintain posture stability

24
Q

what S&S would indicate abnormal function of the vestibular system

A

dizziness/unsteadiness/problems focusing eyes and keeping balance

25
Q

what is the function of VOR in motor control

A

keeps eyes foxed on object when head turns

rotates eyes opposite of head movement to allow steady gaze

26
Q

how does the primary motor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract

A

Force and speed of an action are controlled by the corticospinal tract

Single joint motions

Control of movement sequence

27
Q

how does the supplementary motor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract

A

motor planning and sequencing

movements activated by internal stimuli

helps activate motor programs involved in learned sequence

input from putaman of basal nuclei

28
Q

how does the premotor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract

A

input form cerebellum

movements activated by external stimuli

29
Q

describe how the cerebellum plays a role in motor function

A

coordination of movement, cognition
received info form corticopontine tracts
receives sensory info, sends outputs to motor cortex and other systems in brain to modify motor output

30
Q

list the components of the basal ganglia

A

putamen
caudate
nucleus
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra

31
Q

describe the brainstem’s involvement in motor control

A

controlling facilitation and inhibition of muscle tone to maintain posture

32
Q

describe the function of the mid brain in motor control

A

controls distal muscle and proximal axial muscles

33
Q

define motor skills

A

specific movement of muscle to perform a certain task

34
Q

define motor learning

A

study of the acquisition and/or modification of skilled action

35
Q

define motor control

A

study of nature and control of movement

36
Q

define motor development

A

change in motor behavior over a life span and the sequential, contrinuous, age related process of change

37
Q

what are the 3 characteristics that comprise a motor skill

A

locomotor
nonicomotor
manipulative

38
Q

what are the 3 criteria used to analyze the ability of a person to perform a motor skill

A

extent to which the person can consistently achieve the goal of a task

extent to which a person can achieve the task under a different range of coniditons

degree of efficiency

39
Q

what are gross motor skills

A

requires use of large muscles to achieve goal of skill

walkingw

40
Q

what are fine motor skills

A

requires use of small muscles to achieve goal of skill

typically involves eye-hand coordination and requires high degree of precision of hand and finger movement

41
Q

what are descrete motor skills

A

clearly define movement beginning and end

usuallly simple movement

stepping up 1 step

42
Q

what are continuous motor skills

A

arbitrary movement beginning and end points

usually involve repetitive movements

walking on treadmill

43
Q

what are serial motor skills

A

skill involving series of discrete skills

triple jump

44
Q

what are environmental context skills

A

supporting surface, object,s and/or other people or animals involved in the environment in which a skill is performed

floor, manipulated objects, noises, surrounding people

45
Q

describe closed motor skills

A

performed in a stationary enviornment where the performer determines when to begin the action

walking across the room without other people in the room

46
Q

describe open motor skills

A

skill performed in a moving environment where the feature of the environment context in motion determines when to begin the action

crossing the street after teh walk sign comes on

47
Q

describe the determinants affecting brain development

A

genetics - basic wiring of the brain
prenatal factors - mother’s health, nutrition, stress
caregiver support - providing for needs
enviromental stimuli - brian processes info and strengthens certain neural connections or synapses and weakens other

48
Q

describe the neuro-matirationist theory

A

ontogeny of behavior is an intrinsic property of the organizm with maturation leading to an unfolding of predetermined patterns, supported, but not fundamentally altered by the environment

motor develioment is linear, depneds on antomic nervous system changes

environment is not an influence on morot behavior and milestones

49
Q

describe the developmental cognotive theory

A

stages - alternating

disquilibrium and equilibrium development: interaction between cognotive - neural and environemnt opportunities

1st reflex - voluntary movement

sensimotor: 0-2 years
pereoperational: 2-7 years
concrete: 7-11 years
forma: 11+ years

50
Q

describe the motor learning cognotive theory

A

no specific developmental stages

trial and error - development general motor programs, recall schemes, recognition contribute to motor learning development

51
Q

describe dynamical systems theory

A

no primary driver to influence motor development (many systems/factors)

wide range of “normal” milestones - nonlinear

52
Q

describe the neuronal group selection

A

MLC 2 (1 decks)

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