Exam 1 Flashcards
where does sensing occur
peripheral receptors
where does perceiving occur
1st and 2nd sensory cortices
where does interpreting occur
higher level sensory processing areas in parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes
where does conceptualizing occur
prefrontal cortex, other higher level association areas
where does strategy/planning occur
supplementary motor cortex basal ganglia/cerebellum
where does execution occur
motor neurons and mm/joints
describe hierarchial distributing processing
within ascending levels of SNS
with perception higher brain centers integrate input from many different systems and interpret sensory info
with motor control higher brain centers form motor plans/stretegies
describe parallel distributed processing
signal processed simultaneiously among multiple different brain structures
cerebellum and basal gangial process info at the same time before sending to motor cortex
what is the nuclear chain
rate of change or dynamic muscle length (stretch slowly)
spherical nuclei/static and dynamic
What are bag fibers
steady state or static muscle length (stretch quickly)
how do afferent neurons affect muscle spindle function for inhibition/activation
afferent neurons intrafusal on fibers sense muscle length changes
respond to quick stretch
mostly responsive to steady state/static muscle length
what are golgi tendon organ and what are their functions
muscle tendon junction
info carried to CNS by afferent fibers
inhibits motor neurons to agonist muscle and excite antagonist muscle, protect against tension
what are the types of joint receptors
ruffini type
paciniform endings
ligament receptors
free nerve endings
what are joint receptors located and what are their function
located in joint capsule
sensitive to joint angle, position, etc
what are the types of cutaneous recpetors
mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
nocioreceptors
what is the function of cutaneous receptros
used in hierarchical processing
lower levels of CNS = skin provides info for reflexes
what is the function of the dorsal lateral medial lemniscus
transfers information from touch and pressure receptors
what is the fucntion of the anterolateral spinothalamic tract
transfers information on pain, temperature, crude touche, and pressure
what is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex
processes afferent sensory information
what is the function of the secondary somatosensory cortex
stores, processes, retains information from primary cortex
what is the function of the association cortex
transition from perception to action
interplay between cognotive and perceptual processing
link info from several senses
what is the vision systems role in motor control
identify object in space
gives info of where we are in space
visual proprioception
what is the vestibular systems role in motor control
sensitive to position of head in space, sudden changes in direction or movement of the head
semicircular canals
important to stabilize eyes and maintain posture stability
what S&S would indicate abnormal function of the vestibular system
dizziness/unsteadiness/problems focusing eyes and keeping balance
what is the function of VOR in motor control
keeps eyes foxed on object when head turns
rotates eyes opposite of head movement to allow steady gaze
how does the primary motor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract
Force and speed of an action are controlled by the corticospinal tract
Single joint motions
Control of movement sequence
how does the supplementary motor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract
motor planning and sequencing
movements activated by internal stimuli
helps activate motor programs involved in learned sequence
input from putaman of basal nuclei
how does the premotor cortex control movement via the corticospinal tract
input form cerebellum
movements activated by external stimuli
describe how the cerebellum plays a role in motor function
coordination of movement, cognition
received info form corticopontine tracts
receives sensory info, sends outputs to motor cortex and other systems in brain to modify motor output
list the components of the basal ganglia
putamen
caudate
nucleus
globus pallidus
subthalamic nucleus
substantia nigra
describe the brainstem’s involvement in motor control
controlling facilitation and inhibition of muscle tone to maintain posture
describe the function of the mid brain in motor control
controls distal muscle and proximal axial muscles
define motor skills
specific movement of muscle to perform a certain task
define motor learning
study of the acquisition and/or modification of skilled action
define motor control
study of nature and control of movement
define motor development
change in motor behavior over a life span and the sequential, contrinuous, age related process of change
what are the 3 characteristics that comprise a motor skill
locomotor
nonicomotor
manipulative
what are the 3 criteria used to analyze the ability of a person to perform a motor skill
extent to which the person can consistently achieve the goal of a task
extent to which a person can achieve the task under a different range of coniditons
degree of efficiency
what are gross motor skills
requires use of large muscles to achieve goal of skill
walkingw
what are fine motor skills
requires use of small muscles to achieve goal of skill
typically involves eye-hand coordination and requires high degree of precision of hand and finger movement
what are descrete motor skills
clearly define movement beginning and end
usuallly simple movement
stepping up 1 step
what are continuous motor skills
arbitrary movement beginning and end points
usually involve repetitive movements
walking on treadmill
what are serial motor skills
skill involving series of discrete skills
triple jump
what are environmental context skills
supporting surface, object,s and/or other people or animals involved in the environment in which a skill is performed
floor, manipulated objects, noises, surrounding people
describe closed motor skills
performed in a stationary enviornment where the performer determines when to begin the action
walking across the room without other people in the room
describe open motor skills
skill performed in a moving environment where the feature of the environment context in motion determines when to begin the action
crossing the street after teh walk sign comes on
describe the determinants affecting brain development
genetics - basic wiring of the brain
prenatal factors - mother’s health, nutrition, stress
caregiver support - providing for needs
enviromental stimuli - brian processes info and strengthens certain neural connections or synapses and weakens other
describe the neuro-matirationist theory
ontogeny of behavior is an intrinsic property of the organizm with maturation leading to an unfolding of predetermined patterns, supported, but not fundamentally altered by the environment
motor develioment is linear, depneds on antomic nervous system changes
environment is not an influence on morot behavior and milestones
describe the developmental cognotive theory
stages - alternating
disquilibrium and equilibrium development: interaction between cognotive - neural and environemnt opportunities
1st reflex - voluntary movement
sensimotor: 0-2 years
pereoperational: 2-7 years
concrete: 7-11 years
forma: 11+ years
describe the motor learning cognotive theory
no specific developmental stages
trial and error - development general motor programs, recall schemes, recognition contribute to motor learning development
describe dynamical systems theory
no primary driver to influence motor development (many systems/factors)
wide range of “normal” milestones - nonlinear
describe the neuronal group selection
