EXAM #1

Question 1

You are more likely to get raped by someone you know

Answer 1

FACTS

Question 2

The majority of offenders are caught/ convicted

Answer 2

FALSE

Question 3

Most sex offenders are likely to reoffend

Answer 3

F

Question 4

Sex crimes are motivated by sex and not primarily by power and domination

Answer 4

T

Question 5

Children who are sexually assaulted does necessarily mean they will eventually commit sexual assault

Answer 5

F

Question 6

Most juvenile sex offenders will not commit more sex offenders as an adult

Answer 6

T

Question 7

Treatment for sex offenders is effective

Answer 7

T

Question 8

Sex offenders always target the same type of victim (e.g., age, gender, etc.)

Answer 8

F

Question 9

Not all child molesters are also pedophile.

Answer 9

T - Just because they molested a child, does not mean they are pedophiles

Question 10

Not all rapists present a sexual preference for sexual violence and humiliation

Answer 10

T - There are sadistic rapists, they enjoy the humiliation, etc.

Question 11

Sexual offending is increasing

Answer 11

F

Question 12

Both men and women commit sexual assault

Answer 12

T

Question 13

Feminist theory view rape as:

Answer 13

 Pseudosexual act primarily motivated by male desire for dominance
 Dominance has a consequence of excluding women of political decisions that control them
 Women = males’ possession for which they get in competition for which they get in competition
 Sexual gratification is not seen as the main motivation

Question 14

UNIVARIATE MODELS OF SEXUAL AGGRESSION ADULT WOMEN:

Answer 14

o Feminist theory
o Physiological model

Question 15

PROS TO FEMINIST THEORY

Answer 15

• Addressing the gendered nature of law and the gendered political responses of the state to sexual and domestic violence
• Achieved important goals for women such as: consciousness-raising, support for women’s issues, and the enhancement of women’s self-esteem
• Place a much-needed demand on researcher to analyze sexual offending within its social context.

Question 16

CONS TO FEMINIST THEORY

Answer 16

• Lack of empirical scope
• “patriarchy” and the role of the state in maintaining patriarchal relations that are abuse-supportive
• Sex offenders have abuse-supportive beliefs, not because they are sex offenders but because they are men
• Bc this theory deals mainly with the broader social causal factors; it is of little help in terms of therapeutic work with offenders

Question 17

PHYSIOLOGICAL MODEL

Answer 17

 Based in part on the finding that many sexual offenders against children exhibit equal or greater genital arousal to pedophilic stimuli than to consenting adult stimuli.
 However, deviant sexual arousal may not always be characteristic of men who have sexually offended against children

Question 18

DEVIANT SEXUAL EXPERIENCES

Answer 18

• Hypothesis: men who engage in sexually deviant behaviours do so because they prefer them to socially acceptable sexual behaviours
• Are thought by many to have become entrenched prior to the initial deviant act

Question 19

DEVIANT SEXUAL EXPERIENCES ARE BASED ON WHICH LEARNING PRINCIPLES?

Answer 19

o Classical conditioning (pavlovs dog)
o Operant conditioning (positive reinforcement, etc)

Question 20

Measuring deviant sexual preferences

Answer 20

• Why do need an objective measure of sexual preference?
  o Bc people do not want to share their intimate details, so we need facts.
• What questions would you use to explore the sexual preference an individual?

Question 21

Which indicators may be used to assess the sexual preference of an individual?

Answer 21

o Penile plethysmography
 The objective measure to assess the sexual preference of an individual.
* These tests consisted of putting a rubber gauge around the penis and measuring the erection based on what is being shown.
o Video or audio was being shown – audio was noted to be more effective however

Question 22

 Phallometric assessment - SETTING, STIMULI, TARGET, MEASURES, SCORING

Answer 22

• A measurement assessment technique to determine a mens sexual a preference by measuring penile erection responses to various sexual and nonsexual stimuli in a lbaratory setting.

Question 23

 Deviant indexes are the most important. But how are they calculated?!

Answer 23

• Highest score of deviant scenario divided by highest score of non-deviant scenario

Question 24

HOW DOES Phallometric assessment WORK?

Answer 24

o Interview
o Nature and details of the crimes committed
o Age/ gender of victims, victims not reported?
o Type of acts committed
o Sex history: fantasies, sex behaviours, onset of sexuality
o His version of the event. Cognitive distortions
o ** health problems (heart diseases, low pressure, diabetes sexual problems, etc.)
o **medication (psychosis, anti-depressant, etc.)
o ** last time the client masturbated

Question 25

PPG = measures male sexual arousal by assessing by magnitude of blood accumulation in the penis (erection)?

WHY WAS IT DEVELOPED? WHO DEVELOPED IT?

Answer 25

• First developed to identify sexual orientation of soldiers
• Developed by freund (1957) with sex offenders

Question 26

Explain the test to the inmate

Answer 26

o Laboratory setting: far from other offices / inmates, two rooms separated by a door, video camera or not, microphones
o Instructions: gage, semantic tracking task (ex. hands on joystick – press left joystick if sexual content appears, right joystick etc. this was done to see if the inmate was focused on the video and not on something else), do not move, counting when necessary (after one scenario,we need to wait for the inmate to go to normal, get to the baseline. However, sometimes the inmate would take very long to get back to not being aroused, so they’re asked to count. Sometimes, they were asked to count down from 100, basically get their mind off anything sexual);
o Warnings: not to be used to prove sexual crime or not; only to measure sexual arousal and identify sexual preferences
o Accept or refuse: is it really a choice? Not really, bc refusing to take that test is admitting to what youre accused of.
o Consent form
o Test: pornographic movie clip, pedophile, rape…

o Play the stimulus
 Examples of stimulus
* Coercive female
* Passive pubescent female
o After the test
o Second part of interview commences
o Try to find out if they like deviant

Question 27

• For the test to be valid:

Answer 27

o There needs to be Atleast 3mm or MORE!
o How to calculate the deviant index:
 OUT OF BOTH SCENARIOS, DIVIDE THE HIGHEST DEVIANT NUMBER BY THE HIGHEST NON-DEVENT NUMBER
 IF ITS NOT OVER 3MM, ITS NOT VALID AND THE RESULTS CANNOT BE INTERPRETED
 Every scenario includes two scenarios “neutral”: nothing sexual in the scenario like planting flowers. If someone gives a sexual reaction to the neutral scenario, then it is not valid. This means the test is not good

Question 28

Limitations of phallometry

Answer 28

o Lack of standardization
o Variability of measures
o Stimuli (content, duration, number of)
o Scoring methods across settings

o Voluntary control of sexual arousal: the use of a semantic tracking task to limit faking

o Faking = voluntary suppression or expression of penile arousal (80% are able to do it on demand)

o Psychological methods: use of distraction ** harder to detect

o Physiological methods: muscle contractions ** easier to detect

o Problem of low responders: age, context of evaluation, cannot determine their sexual interests

Question 29

Pornography

Answer 29

• Defined as sexually explicit material that is designated to arouse the viewer/ user;
• Marketed towards heterosexual males
• Focus = male gaze and male sexual pleasure
• Lots of acts of aggression or degradation

Question 30

WHAT DO CONDITIONING THEORIES PREDICT ABOUT PORN?

Answer 30

• Porn can have an effect to the extent that viewers masturbate to orgasm while watching it, thereby reinforcing their sexual response to the depicted content
• The effect of porn increases with continued exposure if the observer masturbates to orgasm or is otherwise reinforced while watching it
• The explicitness and content of porn viewed shifts over time for habitual users
• Sex offenders use more unconventional porn than nonoffenders

Question 31

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY?

Answer 31

o Suggests that violence porn can increase subsequent aggressive behaviour because it portrays this behaviour as rewarding

Question 32

SLT PREDICTS THAT:

Answer 32

 Sexually aggressive behaviour will increase after exposure to violent porn
 The degree of increase in sexual aggression after exposure to violent porn will be directly related to the level of identification experienced by the viewer
 Aggressive behavior will not increase after exposure to nonviolent porn

Question 33

• Porn interesting results

Answer 33

o Results from a meta-analysis show that exposure to porn, with or without depictions of violence, increased acceptance of rape myths
o Pre-exposed to videotaped depictions of rape increased sexual arousal to rape in subsequent experimental session, while pre-exposure to videotaped depictions of consenting sex did not.
o However, it seems that overall, there is little support for a direct link between porn use and sexual aggression
o A better hypothesis would be that individuals who are already predisposed to sexually offend are the most likely to show an effect of porn exposure and are the most likely to show the strongest effects

o Findings indicate that adolescent exposure was a significant predictor of the elevation of violence;

 It increased the extent of victim humiliation.
o Results also suggest a tempting, or cathartic effect of porn;
 Using porn just prior to the offence was correlated with reduced victim physical injury
o No effects, however, were observed for adult porn exposure

Question 34

Multivariate models of sexual aggression – child victims

Answer 34

• Finkelhor’s sociological model
• Hall & Hirschman (1992)
• Quadripartite model (hall & hirchman, 1991)

Question 35

• Finkelhor’s sociological model

Answer 35

 1. Motivation to sexually abuse a child
* Child sexual abuse meeting an emotional need
* Sexual arousal in response to children
* Alternative outlets for sexual arousal being unavailable or less satisfying
 2. Overcoming internal inhibitions against such abuse
* they’ll convince themselves it is okay, even though they know assaulting a child is wrong.
 3. Overcoming external impediments to such abuse
* Ex. luring the child away from their parent(s)
 4. Overcoming the child’s resistance to sexual abuse
* Ex. alcohol or drugs

Question 36

PROS OF FINKELHORS MODEL

Answer 36

• Take into account multiple factors
• Provides a useful framework for the comprehensive assessment of sex offenders
• Outline how offender’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours interact to create a desire to commit an offence
• Provides a justification for tailored treatment
  o They have treatment programs tailored to the specific needs of each offender

Question 37

CONS TO FINKELSHORS MODEL

Answer 37

• Fails to explain why, in certain circumstances nonsexual needs are expressed in a sexual rather than a non-sexual manner
• Lacks details on the development origins of the causes of sexual offending

Question 38

• Hall & Hirschman (1992)

Answer 38

o 1. Physiological sexual arousal
o 2. Cognitions that justify sexual aggression
 Rapists will say it was consensual, or they’ll say based on the way she was dressed, she was basically asking for it. These are referred to as cognitive distortions – ways they try to justify their sexual acts
o 3. Negative effective states
 loneliness, depression, sadness
 rapists are in negative effective states too, except it is different. Usually, it is due to anger.
o 4. Personality problems
 Antisocial personality disorder will be likely seen in these offenders

Question 39

LIMITATIONS OF Finkelhor’s sociological model AND Hall & Hirschman (1992)

Answer 39

o These last two theories of sexual aggression against childnre share some similarities but present also some limitations
 Sequential links between factors are not specified
 Modus operandi (premediation and the offense itself) has not been included

Question 40

• Quadripartite model (hall & hirchman, 1991)

Answer 40

o 1. Sexual arousal
o 2. Cognitive distortions
 Helps justify their actions
o 3. Affective discontrol
 Not being able to control their anger
o 4. antisocial personality disorder

Question 41

PROS OF quadripartite model

Answer 41

• Focus on multiple causal factors, reflecting the heterogeneity of sexual offending

Question 42

CONS OF quadripartite model

Answer 42

• The four factors are not well defined
• Distinction between cause and effect are not explicitly made
• No description as to how the four factors interact with each other in order to cause sexual abuse

Question 43

• Limitations of Macrotheories

Answer 43

o Limited to one or only few factors in order to explain sexual aggression
o Lack of explanation as to the mechanism by which these factors interact between them to lead to sexual aggression
o Neglected to consider he temporal dimension treated to each criminal event
o Not good to explain the diversity of offending process of sex offenders

Question 44

Microtheory of sexual aggression against children and women

Answer 44

• Relapse prevention model

Question 45

• Relapse prevention model

Answer 45

o Stage 1: abstinence
o Aids
 No = continued abstinence
 Yes = leads to stage 2
o Stage 2: high-risk situations
o Adaptive coping response
 Yes = continued abstinence =
 No = leads to stage 3
o Stage 3: Lapse
o Stage 4: AVE: 3 reactions to a lapse
 1: self-depreciation
 2. Expectation of failure
 3. PIG (problem of instant gratification)
o Adaptive coping responses?
 Yes = return to abstinence
 No = leads to stage 5
o Stage 5: conscious planning for the offense
 Looking for a victim, planning the crime, etc.
o Stage 6 = relapse (commit a new sexual aggression)

Question 46

How many ways can you commit a sexual assault?

Answer 46

• The PRECISE definition of rape requires penetration
• However, there are an infinite number of ways someone could commit sexual assault

Question 47

Crime-Commission Process

Answer 47

• CCP is just another way of saying “how the crime is committed”
  o Modus operandi

Question 48

Sexual aggression of adult women: However, when analysing these typologies, only four main types of sexual aggressors of women emerge:

Answer 48

 Sadistic
 Angry
 Opportunistic
 Compensatory

Question 49

SADISTIC

Answer 49

• Carefully plans
• Typical, very organized, violent
  o The types you see on TV
• Crime locations are pre-selected
• Rape kit
  o Typically includes handcuffs, ropes, gloves, binoculars, knife
• Victim as a prostitute and or vulnerable victim
  o Usually targets vulnerable workers
   Sex workers are very exposed – usually working in dark alleys, etc
• Victim is abducted ad sequestered
• May be bound and gagged
• Forced to commit a variety of sexual acts (e.g., fellatio, anal sex)
• Verbal and physical humiliation
• May torture his victim
• Mutilate her erogenous zones
  o Carving, writing on the victim’s body
   Usually on breasts
• Perform bizarre acts
• Expressive violence results in serious injury, and even murder
  o if murder, the body is hidden
• Offense of long duration

Question 50

ANGRY

Answer 50

• Do not premeditate the crime
  o They will act impulsively
• Do not seek out specific victims
  o Ex. won’t seek out sex workers
   Instead, they will choose a victim who is available
• Use a blitz attack to initiate his offense
  o Aka, an all of a sudden attack
  o usually done with the use of violence
  o aim to hurt the victim physically and psychologically
• may humiliate, beat, or stab
• use of expressive violence even if there is no resistance
• offense of a short duration
• victim’s resistance
• resistance = exacerbate the aggressor’s anger = increase the brutality
• result in serious injury or death
  o if dead, the body is generally left at the crime scene

Question 51

 Opportunistic

Answer 51

• No planning
• No victim selection
• Assault = impulsive predatory act provoked by situational factors
• Use instrumental violence
• May utter threats
• If victim resists, use sufficient frce to obtain her compliance
• Seldom use a weapon
• Victims are rarely injured or humiliated
  o If killed, it is to eliminate the witness.

Question 52

 Compensatory

Answer 52

• To compensate for the underlying feeling of inadequacy
• Carefully plan their offenses
• Select their victims according to specific criteria
• Victims may be abducted and sequestered, but rarely bound
• Use instrumental violence to overpower the victim
• May use a weapon to intimidate the victim, but will not use it to hurt her
• Victims are not injured or humiliated
• Assaults may be of long duration

Question 53

Sexual aggression against children

Answer 53

• Focus on
  o Focus on the behavioural aspects
• Take
  o Take into account the pre-crime factors
• Have
  o Have identified three types of child molesters:
   Homosexual child molester/ non-familiar (PEDO)
   Heterosexual child molester/ non-familiar
   Heterosexual child molester/ familiar

Question 54

LIMITATIONS OF Sexual aggression against children AND WOMEN

Answer 54

• 1. Have neglected to look at the entire criminal event
• 2. Assume that the offending process is stable and that it will not change
     o This is very important, prof stressed it!
     o Offenders are allowed to change their approach to criminality
      If they used to execute their crimes with premeditation, are they not allowed to start committing crimes without premeditation? NO, offenders may change their approaches to committing crimes. they can and they will!
• 3. Assume personal characteristics of the offender are the principal factors influencing the offending process
• 4. Assume the specialization of sex offenders
     o They specialize in one type of victim
      NO, most offenders offend in different categories – they can go from child molesters to adult rapists, etc.
• 5. They are not enough detailed, neglected to account for the complexity of each phase of the offending process
• 6. They have neglected to include the inclusion of environmental factors in their models
• 7. They have not explored the decision-making underlying the offending process

Question 55

implicit underlying assumptions regarding the “sex offender”

Answer 55

(a) The behavior of the sex offender is more dangerous than that of other types of felonious criminals such as robbers, burglars, thugs, kidnappers, arsonists, or murderers;

(b) That the sex offender is more disposed to repeat his offenses or in the alternative to progress to more serious ones;

(c) That effective treatment methods are known and, to the difference of other types of criminal, require an indefinite treatment period to be effective;

(d) That treatment personnel and resources including institutional facilities are available and can be relied upon to offer effective treatment methods.

Question 56

WHAT WERE THE ASSUMPTIONS USED FOR?

Answer 56

These underlying and implicit assumptions were representative of the era and the good intentions to help cure the sex offender through psychiatric methods and techniques.

however, none of these assumptions were true or reflective of the scientific knowledge of the time. According to him, these assumptions were based on myths or simply false conclusions that nullified the good intent of the open-ended sentences

Question 57

WHAT DO criminologists tend to prefer? General OR specific explanations of crime and delinquency.

Answer 57

Generally speaking, criminologists tend to prefer general over specific explanations of crime and delinquency.

It is believed that general explanatory models of crime and delinquency are more parsimonious and explain sex offending as much as they explain drug dealing, homicide, car theft, and burglary.