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Animal Behavior > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How are animals and their behaviors integral parts of human society?

A

-Over 80 million homes have a pet
-Cattle, Chickens, turkeys, sheep, and hogs are important agricultural products
-Dogs have long been used in both police work and the military

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2
Q

Animal Behavior Definition

A

any internally coordinated, externally visible pattern of activity that responds to changing external or internal conditions

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3
Q

Ethogram

A

formal description or inventory of an animal’s behavior

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4
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Scientific Method
-Observation
-Research Question
-Research Hypothesis
-Prediction
-Methodology: test of predictions
-Reject or Accept Hypothesis

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5
Q

What is the relationship between correlation and causality?

A

-Correlation: represent two variables that vary together predictably
-Correlation does not demonstrate causation
-Positive correlation: upward trend
-Negative Correlation: downward trend
-No correlation: no trend at all

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6
Q

What is the relationship between a research hypothesis and a scientific theory?

A

-Research Hypothesis: explanation based on assumptions that makes a testable prediction
-Scientific Theory: hypothesis that makes many predictions, has been tested hundreds or thousands of times by many scientists, and has not been rejected

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7
Q

Describe Tinbergen’s four questions.

A

-Proximate Explanations:
-1. What mechanism causes the behavior to occur?
-2. How does he behavior develop in the individual?
-Ultimate Explanations:
-3. How does the behavior affect survival and reproduction?
-4. How did the behavior evolve?

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8
Q

Anthropomorhism

A

-Anthromorphism occurs when we attribute human motivations, characteristics, or emotions to animals
-Can be challenging to produce testable predictions but the area of active research

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9
Q

Mean

A

measure of central tendency is one number that indicates the centrality of the data values

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10
Q

Median

A

the middle values of a set of ordered data

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11
Q

Range

A

describe the variation in the data

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12
Q

Variance

A

is a non-negative number that provides information of the spread in the data
the larger the variance, the more dispersion there is

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13
Q

Standard Deviation

A

the square root of the variance

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14
Q

Standard Error

A

a sample mean is simply the standard deviation of the data divided by the square root of the sample size

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15
Q

What is the observational method?

A

-Observe and record behavior without manipulating the environment or the animal
-Used to construct ethograms and describe behavioral patterns

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16
Q

Independent variable

A

is the variable that is manipulated

17
Q

Dependent Variable

A

measure change in dependent variable in response to the change

18
Q

Experimental Group

A

does experience the manipulation

19
Q

Control Group

A

does not experience the manipulation

20
Q

Describe the comparative method

A

-Closely related species may share similar behavioral adaptations because of shared ancestor
-Compare behaviors of closely related species with ancestors to determine if behavior is:
-Ancestral (plesiomorphic) trait: found in common ancestor of two or more species
-Derived (apomorphic) trait: found in more recently evolved species and not present in common ancestor

21
Q

What are the modes of Natural Selection?

A

-Directional selection: individuals in a population with an extreme trait value at one end of the spectrum possess the highest fitness
-Disruptive selection: individuals in a population with extreme trait values on both ends of the spectrum have the highest fitness
-Stabilizing Selection: individuals in a population with intermediate trait values have the highest fitness

22
Q

Discuss how variation may or may not affect fitness

A

-Eastern Screech owls show great variation in dispersal direction indicating fitness not associated with compass direction

23
Q

Define Fitness

A

Direct Measure of Fitness: number of progeny that go on to reproduce
-Indirect measure of fitness include: survivorship, number of mates, body size and growth, and feeeding efficiency
-Adaptations are traits that result from natural selection and have been selected for their current function

24
Q

What is frequency-dependent selection?

A

-Frequency dependent selection can maintain polymorphisims in a population
-Frequency did affect survivorship; negative-frequency dependent; this may explain morphological polymorphism
-Research Paper: Salamander polymorphism
-Varied the ratio of striped and unstriped clay models with attached food reward
-Placed these in field and recorded attacks on them by birds and mammals
-Less common model type had lower attacks (Higher fitness) than the model that was more common each day

25
Q

Define and Describe Sexual Selection

A

-Sexual Selection: acts on heritable traits that affect reproduction (sexual dimorphism)
-Morphological differerences between the sexes
-Widowbrids study on how females prefer longer tail length

26
Q

What is a genotype?

A

variation due to differences in the genetic makeup of organisms

27
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

variation in observable traits

28
Q

What are broad sense and narrow sense heritability?

A

-Heritability: proportion of phenotypic variation in a trait that is due to genetic influences
-Broad Sense heritability include all the genetic effects on a phenotype
-Narrow Sense Heritatbility can be determined by examining parent-offspring relationships
-reflects proportion of phenotypic variation due solely to additive genetic values

29
Q

What are innate behaviors and fixed action patterns?

A

Innate Behaviors indicate a genetic basis for the behavior
-Greylag geese all retrieve eggs in a very fixed manner
-Many organisms respond to predators with a fixed action pattern
-Behavior that displays almost no variation and once started cannot be stopped until completed

30
Q

What is QTL Mapping?

A

-QTL Mapping combines genetic information with trait information
-Quantitative trait loci (QTL): stretches of DNA that either contain or are linked to genes influencing a trait such as behavior
-QTL mapping is a statistical technique that combines genetic information with trait information to determine which regions of the genome contain the genes that influence the trait QTLs
-Candidate genes are major genes suspected of contributing to a large amount of the phenotypic variation in a specific trait

31
Q

How are knockout genes used in behavioral studies?

A

-Knockout mice are transgenic meaning they have additional DNA added to their genome that stops a particular gene from functioning

32
Q

Describe animal personalities

A

-Animal personalities are consistent differences in behavior over time or across different environmental contexts

33
Q

What are sensory systems?

A

-Different sensory receptors can detect chemicals, light, vibrations, electric fields, or magnetic fields
-Sensory receptors are nerve endings that respond to environmental stimuli and transmit information via neurons

34
Q

Chemoreception Sensory System

A

-Chemoreception: the most primitive and universal sensory system
-Gustation: detection of dissolved chemicals, often within the mouth
-Olfaction: detection of airborne chemical stimul
-odorants are general and not species specific
-Pheromones are species-specific

35
Q

Photoreception Sensory System

A

-Photoreception: allows animals to detect light and perceive objects as images
-Visual sensory systems detect electromagnetic radiations
-Photoreceptors contain photosensitive opsin proteins that change shape when struck by light, generating action potentials
-Species differ in the number and kinds of photoreceptors that possess and so are sensitive to different wavelengths of light

36
Q

Mechanoreceptor Sensory System

A

detect vibrations that travel through air, water, or substrates
-are often found on the head, but can be found on the thorax, wings, or legs of different species
-Species differ greatly in the frequencies of wavelengths they can detect

37
Q

Electroreception Sensory System

A

-Electroreception: using electric and magnetic fields to find buried prey or potential mates
-can also be used to determine the direction for long distance movements

Animal Behavior (2 decks)

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