Exam #1

Question 1

Models of communication

Question 2

Channel richness

Answer 2

The extent to which some communicative event uses many channels at once
Face to face
Facial expressions, smell, touch, forward leaning, voice, etc
Texting
The words themselves, emojis, other text characters
Channel rich ←————————-> Channel lean
Face to face (zoom) (phone) (texting) written letter

Question 3

Intentional vs. nonintentional communication

Answer 3

~You cannot NOT communicate (Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson, 1967)
Intentional messages are deliberate, conscious, knowing
Ex. ordering food, asking someone out on a date, asking your parent for money
Unintentional messages occur when unconscious communication is interpreted as having meaning
nonverbal communication
Microexpressions, body posture(at times), etc
Ex. playing with hair, holding arm, hands behind back, shaky leg, rocking in place~these are all indicators of nervousness/anxiety and what we call nonverbal leakage

Question 4

Types of relationships

Answer 4

Role relationship:
functional/causal relationships, often interchangeable, share behavioral interdependence
One person’s behavior somehow affects the other person’s behavior and vice versa

Interpersonal relationships:
Relationships where both parties influence the other in meaningful ways (mutual influence) and share a unique interaction pattern

Intimate/close relationships:
Interpersonal relationships that are deepened by sharing emotional attachment, need fulfillment, and irreplaceability

Question 5

Relational vs. content dimensions of messages

Answer 5

Content level of the message conveys information at a literal level whereas the relational level provides context for interpreting the message of a relationship

Question 6

Communication goals

Answer 6

Instrumental goals
Goals related to tasks, such as making money, getting good grades, buying a car, getting a ride to school, and completing a homework assignment
Self-presentational goals
Communication can be motivated by maintaining the image we want to convey
Relational goals
Relational objectives or states that motivate our communication choices

Question 7

Functions of nonverbal communication

Answer 7

Regulating interaction/conversation
Turn yielding cues
Change in intonation, drawl of last syllable, drop in loudness, stop gesturing
Turn requesting cues
Speaker directed gaze, audible inhale, gestures, stutter start
Impression management
Creating a certain image of oneself or of one’s relationship
Defining the relationship~Both to the partner and others

Question 8

Channels of nonverbal communication

Answer 8

Oculesics= eye movement
Two components:
Gaze
Pupil dilation
Pupil dilation is associated with arousal (increased energy)
Positive arousal: excitement or sexual arousal
Negative arousal: anxiety or fear

Vocalics= characteristics of the voice
Also called paralanguage, because the voice communicates meaning alongside language

Includes-
Pitch: how high or deep a voice sounds
Inflection: the extent to which there is variation in pitch
Volume : how loud or soft
Rate: how fast or slow someone is talking
Silence: the absence of sound

Kinesics:
Includes gestures, body posture, gait
Types of gestures:
Emblems : gestures with direct verbal translations
Illustrators: gestures that go along with verbal messages
Regulators: gestures used to control the flow of conversation
Haptics = touch
Intimacy
Power and control
Ritualistic touch
Proxemics = physical distance
Hall’s spatial zones:
Intimate zone: intimate partners
Personal zone: friends and relatives
Social zone: casual acquaintances
Public zone: strangers and general public
Physical appearance= the messages communicated through appearance
olfactics= messages communicated through smell
Smell influences sexual attraction - we are attracted to people whose natural scent is most different from our own
Chronemics
Messages communicated through the use of time
Our use of time sends messages about:
What we value
Who holds the power in the relationship
Artifacts= our use of space objects and physical features
Set the tone for an environment
Communicate personality and values
Influence the flow of conversation
Communicate power

Question 9

Tie signs

Answer 9

Nonverbal behaviors that indicate to others that you are in a relationship

Question 10

Immediacy cues

Answer 10

Nonverbal behavior that conveys attraction or affiliation

Question 11

Barriers to effective listening

Answer 11

Noise
- Physical noise - physical sounds in the environment
- Psychological noise - distractions in one’s thoughts, thinking about something other than the conversation
- Physiology noise - distractions in one’s body
Information overload - the state of being overwhelmed by the amount of info one takes in

Pseudolistening - using feedback behaviors to give the false impression that you are listening
Phubbing - looking at your phone rather than actively engaging in conversation
Selective attention - listening to only what one wants to hear
Competitive interrupting - using interruptions to take control of a conversation
One upping - listening to share a bigger and better story or experience

Question 12

Empathetic listening

Answer 12

Respond by acknowledging the speaker’s feelings
Paraphrasing to make sure you’re understanding - try to capture the meaning and emotion of what the person said just using different words
Ask open and honest questions - these are questions you DON’T already know the answer to, these questions invite the person speaking to share more

Question 13

Rules of verbal communication (i.e., language)

Answer 13

textbook

Question 14

Communication theory of identity

Answer 14

Four layers of identity:
Personal identity: the self-concept or individual understanding we have of ourselves
Relational identity: the way we see ourselves in relation to others, including how we believe other people view us (ascribed identity), our roles within relationships, and the joint identities, we share with others
Communal identity: The way we see ourselves in relation to social groups
Enacted identity: the communication, management, and performance of our identity

Interpenetration: the layers of identity, while being distinctly identifiable, may also combine to create a new aspect of identity or may influence each other

Identity Gaps: one layer of identity might contradict another layer of identity
Leads to personal discomfort and ineffective communication

Question 15

Politeness theory

Answer 15

Brown and Levinson’s extension of Goffman’s work which focuses on specific ways that people manage and save face using communication

Question 16

Face theory

Answer 16

Also called the dramaturgical perspective
We constantly enact performances for the people around us -with the purpose of advancing a beneficial image of ourselves and avoiding a negative image

Facework
Behaviors used to project your desired image
Face needs
Positive face
Desire to be liked by others
Fellowship
Wanting to be included
Competence
Wanting to be viewed as capable
Negative face
Desire for control of one’s own life
“Wait, does that mean facework is being fake?”
Facework is often subconscious, but it becomes particularly salient when…
The behavior reflects highly valued, core aspects on the self
Successful performance is tied to vital positive or negative consequences
The behavior reflects directly on valued rules of conduct
“I’m not constantly worrying about my image, I’m not that shallow”
Frontstage vs backstage
Frontstage
Where performances are enacted~public
Backstage
Where we prepare for performances
Ex.
getting ready in the morning for the day

Question 17

Generational identity

Answer 17

textbook

Question 18

Types of social media users

Answer 18

textbook

Question 19

Principles of identity management

Answer 19

textbook

Question 20

Racial socialization

Answer 20

Process by which race-related messages are transferred from parents to children through
Spoken messages
Activities
Behavior

Question 21

Social identity theory

Answer 21

Tajfel proposed that group belonging creates a sense of identity, and the group belonging can be an important source of pride and self-esteem
Social categorization - by associating ourselves with groups, we naturally make distinctions about who is a part of our group (the in-group) and who is not a part of our group (the out-group)
Social identification - we adopt the identity of the group we have categorized ourselves as belonging to & our self esteem becomes tied to the group we have identified with
Social comparison: once we identify with a group, we tend to compare our group with other groups - in order to maintain self-esteem, the natural impulse is to evaluate our group more favorably than other groups -> social comparison is an explanation of stereotyping/prejudice/hostility between social groups

Question 22

The looking glass self

Answer 22

Feedback we receive from others helps shape our identities:
I imagine how I appear to others
Based on others’ reactions to me, I infer whether they view that image positively or negatively
Based on my perceptions of how others view me, I develop positive or negative feelings about myself and my identity

Question 23

Functions of self-disclosure

Answer 23

Catharsis: When you want to let your emotions out (get something off your chest)
Self-expression: Communicating your identity to others
Clarification: when you need to clarify situations you might find confusing or upsetting
Self-awareness: to learn more about yourself
Relationship escalation: When you want to develop the relationship

Question 24

Dimensions of self-disclosure

Answer 24

textbook

Question 25

Principles of self-disclosure

Answer 25

textbook

Question 26

Disclosure-liking hypothesis

Answer 26

(Collins & Miller) - proposes that the more individual self-disclose, the more they will like each other
Stronger for acquaintances than strangers
Stronger for more in-depth self-disclosures that general information
Stronger with online disclosures

Question 27

Norm of reciprocity

Answer 27

When one person reveals personal information, the other person is likely to respond by sharing equally personal information.

Question 28

Risks of self-disclosure

Answer 28

Rejection
Retaliation
Loss of control
Exposure to others
Change in the relationship

Question 29

Hyperpersonal communication

Answer 29

[Not from the textbook] A phenomenon reported in computer-mediated communication where friendly one-to-one interaction with strangers can quickly become personal and intimate.
The hyperpersonal model of interpersonal communication that suggests computer-mediated communication can become hyperpersonal because it “exceeds [face-to-face] interaction”; affording message senders a host of communicative advantages over traditional face-to-face interaction.

Question 30

Disinhibition effect

Answer 30

The tendency to express yourself more candidly and less guardedly when using online, asynchronous channels.

Question 31

Communication privacy management theory

Answer 31

Communication privacy management theory (CPM) argues that disclosure is the process by which we give or receive private information. Private information is what people reveal. Generally, CPM theory argues that individuals believe they own their private information and have the right to control said information.

3 Principles of CPM Theory:
Privacy ownership
Privacy control
Privacy turbulence

Private information - “Any information that makes people feel some level of vulnerability” (Child, Duck, Andrews, Butauski & Petronio)

Question 32

Secret tests

Answer 32

textbook

Question 33

Definition of uncertainty

Answer 33

Questions/unknowns about yourself, a situation, or others
Inability to predict or explain someone’s attitudes and/or behaviors (Berger and Calabrese, 1975)
Occurs when people feel insecure in their own state of knowledge or the state of knowledge in general about a topic

Question 34

Types of expectancy violation

Answer 34

textbook

Question 35

Idealization effect

Answer 35

[Not from textbook] Idealization is minor image-distorting defense whereby the individual deals with emotional conflict or internal or external stressors by attributing exaggerated positive qualities to the self or others

Question 36

Uncertainty reduction strategies

Answer 36

Passive= observing the person as they behave in social situation
Active = using indirect contact with the person or manipulating a situation and observing their response, seeking info from third party about the person
Interactive = speaking with the person directly

Question 37

Predicated outcome value theory

Answer 37

textbook

Question 38

Uncertainty management theory

Answer 38

Uncertainty isn’t inherently good or bad, but it is something that needs to be managed
Might seek to reduce, maintain, or increase uncertainty

Question 39

Theory of motivated information management

Answer 39

Uncertainty discrepancy: difference between one’s level of uncertainty and their desired level of uncertainty

Emotion:
Anxiety
Anticipation
Hope
Anger
Other Emotions

Evaluate possible outcomes of an information search - costs and benefits
Evaluate efficacy: communication efficacy, target efficacy, coping efficacy

Information seeker decides how/if to seek information

Question 40

Expectancy Violation Theory

Answer 40

Explains/predicts how people will respond to expectancy violation
Expectancy violation -> behavior that differs from what was expected