Exam 1

Question 1

European landscape ecology

Answer 1

• more holistic and human-centered perspective
• cultural landscape

Question 2

North American landscape ecology

Answer 2

• more ecological
• spatially explicit (mapped)
• more quantitative
• modeling

Question 3

spatially heterogeneous

Answer 3

area whose spatial extent varies depending on the organisms or processes of interest

Question 4

landscape is related to land use

Answer 4

composite of features and elements (fields, forests, deserts, and water bodies)

Question 5

composition

Answer 5

what and how much is present of each habitat or land cover type

Question 6

configuration

Answer 6

the spatial arrangement of those elements across the landscape; the spatial structure or path structure

Question 7

landscape structure

Answer 7

diversity and spatial arrangement of landscape elements (connectivity, human use)

Question 8

landscape function

Answer 8

interaction among those spatial elements (flow energy, nutrients, species, genes among habitat patches)

Question 9

landscape change

Answer 9

how landscape structure and function vary over time (landscapes are dynamic)

Question 10

why landscape ecology

Answer 10

• widespread ecological impact of humans
• complex ecological consequences of human land use
• understand the past and present to understand the future

Question 11

Landscapes are…

Answer 11

-heterogenous
- diverse in form and function
- scale dependent
- dynamic/multifunctional

Question 12

first central concept for landscape ecology

Answer 12

landscape elements differ in habitat quality

Question 13

second central concept for landscape ecology

Answer 13

patch boundaries influence ecological dynamics both within and among patches

Question 14

third central concept for landscape ecology

Answer 14

patch context is important

Question 15

fourth central concept for landscape ecology

Answer 15

connectivity is a key feature of landscape structure

Question 16

fifth central concept for landscape ecology

Answer 16

spatial patterns and processes are scale dependent

Question 17

landscape pattern impact…

Answer 17

ecological processes

Question 18

patch

Answer 18

a surface area that differs from its surroundings (individual element) “blobs”

Question 19

corridor

Answer 19

linear, connected

Question 20

matrix

Answer 20

predominant use

Question 21

edge

Answer 21

inner buffer of patch

Question 22

landscape elements

Answer 22

patch, corridor, matrix, edge, and mosaic

Question 23

landscape properties

Answer 23

composition, configuration, connectivity, connectivity, cover type, fragmentation, heterogeneity

Question 24

mosaic

Answer 24

a collection of patches, corridors, and matrix that display specific properties

Question 25

temporal grain (or resolution)

Answer 25

frequency or minimum interval over which data is collected (hourly, daily, monthly, annual)

Question 26

temporal extent

Answer 26

duration of the study (whether over a year a single season or several years)

Question 27

four key drivers of landscape pattern & change

Answer 27

• abiotic factors
• biotic factors/interactions
  -human activity
  -disturbances

Question 28

abiotic factors

Answer 28

climate , landform, soils (geomorphology)

Question 29

human activity

Answer 29

land use change

Question 30

disturbances

Answer 30

fire, landslides, hurricanes, floods, among others

Question 31

mutualism (biotic interactions)

Answer 31

interaction where both or all individuals benefits from the relationship