Exam 1 Flashcards
What is culture
patterns, explicit and implicit, and behavior (and values). It may on one hand, be considered as products of actions and on the other hand as conditioning elements of further action
What is mutual constitution?
Human’s relation to culture including societal factors, institutions and products, daily situations and practices, and the self; humans influence culture and culture influences humans
What are the issues with the group definition of culture?
group is unclear/fuzzy
within vs between culture variation
What are the issues with the learning definition of culture?
Animals can learn
Seems to imply a need of consciousness
What are ecological factors of culture?
Scarcity vs abundance
Agriculture styles
What does agriculture have to do with culture?
Wheat vs rice farming
Wheat = more individualistic (a single family could harvest a wheat field)
Rice = collectivistic (requires more people to harvest a rice field)
What are examples of scarcity vs abundance?
gender egalitarianism:
more hierarchy and stricter laws = lower gender egalitarianism
Less hierarchy and less strict laws = higher gender egalitarianism
Technological acceleration (places like the US or Japan vs parts of Africa or South America)
what is the ratchet affect?
Culture builds off of past progress
What is cultural acceleration?
The rate of acceleration increases (ex: technology)
What is cultural momentum?
Early conditions set the momentum; change must fit into old beliefs, values, and practices
What is the significance of the human neocortex?
larger in humans compared to other animals; size of the neocortex / total brain volume is greater
What is the social brain hypothesis?
Human social learning is fast compared to other animals and human learning is fast in terms of complex concepts like language, symbols, and diagrams
What is gene-culture evolution?
biological factors for cultural evolution
What is imitative learning?
Learning by focusing on the model’s goals and imitating their behaviors (over imitation)
What requires metallization, imitative learning or emulative learning?
Imitative
What is emulative learning?
the learner focuses on the environment and the task at hand
What is prestige bias?
The tendency to imitate those who are skilled or respected by others
What is similarity bias?
The tendency to imitate those who are similar to us (e.g. race, accent, etc.)
What is conformist bias?
The tendency to imitate common or popular behavior
What is Isaac’s made-up “hybrid” design thing?
A mix between a quasi- and true experiment.
Ex: Northerners vs Southerners and insult vs no insult experiment
What are the two response biases?
- Social desirability
- Reference group effects
What is “cultural priming?”
“activating” a cultural orientation
What is an example of cultural priming?
Either being nice or mean and then measuring effects of an experiment
What is culture of honor?
People strive to protect their reputation through aggression
