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Move Science 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic Functions of Gait

A

Propulsion
Shock absorption
Stance stability
Energy conservation

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2
Q

The Gait Cycle =

A

One stride

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3
Q

Spatial Descriptors of Gait

A

Stride Length
Step Length
Step Width
Foot Angle

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4
Q

Stride Length

A

Measured heel to heel (ex: right heel to next right heel contact)

Normal = 144 cm or 1.44 m

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5
Q

Step Length

A

Measured heel contact to opposite heel contact

Normal = 72 cm

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6
Q

Step Width

A

Measured between heel centers

Normal = 8-10 cm

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7
Q

Foot Angle

A

The angle between the foot (thru 2nd ray) & the line of progression

Normal = 5-7 deg
(>7 is toe out, <5 is toe in)

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8
Q

Temporal descriptors of Gait

A

Cadence
Stride Time
Step Time

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9
Q

Cadence

A

Step Rate
Steps/min

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10
Q

Stride Time

A

Avg. is ~1 second
Time for full gait cycle

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11
Q

Step Time

A

Time for completion of one step
Avg = ~0.5 seconds

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12
Q

Spatiotemporal Descriptor: Walking Speed

A

Average = 1.37 meters/second

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13
Q

Gait Speed =

A

Cadence (steps/min) x Stride Length (cm)

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14
Q

How can you increase speed/walk faster?

A

Increase stride (or step) length
Increase cadence
Or both

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15
Q

Heel Contact

A

The instant heel comes into contact with the ground; the start of stance phase 0%

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16
Q

Foot Flat

A

Instant the entire plantar surface of foot contacts the ground (8% or 0.08 seconds in)

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17
Q

Mid stance

A

Center of mass passes directly over supporting lower extremities/pelvis
30%

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18
Q

Heel off

A

Instant the heel comes off the ground (40%)

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19
Q

Push-off

A

Period of ankle plantar flexion to propel forward (between heel off & toe off)

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20
Q

Toe off

A

Instant toe comes off the ground (60%)
Ends stance phase & Starts swing phase

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21
Q

Loading Response

A

~ initial contact until single limb support

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22
Q

Pre Swing

A

During end of stance phase, limb is preparing to swing

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23
Q

As Speed Increases…

A

-Gait Cycle Duration Decrease
-Cadence increases
-Stance Phase % decreases
-Swing Phase % increases
-Double Limb Support % decreases
-Step Width decreases

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24
Q

How could you increase your stride length if you are moving at a constant speed?

A

Decrease your cadence
(stance time would increase because you’d be taking less steps)

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25
Q

What is a motor unit made of?

A

Alpha Motor Neurons & Muscle fibers it innervates

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26
Q

What does EMG measure?

A

The electrical activity of the Action Potential moving alone the motor unit (basically how active the motor units are)

IT DOES NOT RECORD FORCE!

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27
Q

What are the two Strategies for Neuron Activation?

A

1). Recruitment- initial activation of specific motor neurons & their associated muscle fibers
2). Rate Coding- Discharge rate of sequential action potentials down motor unit

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28
Q

What does the Henneman Size Principle state about recruitment of motor neurons?

A

Smaller motor neurons are recruited before larger motor neurons.
Larger motor units are recruited as force requirement increases.

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29
Q

What muscle fiber type is recruited first?

A

Slow Oxidative

30
Q

What type of contraction recruits less motor units when activating muscles?

A

Eccentric. Its more force per motor unit, therefore fewer motor units are needed to give force

31
Q

Unfused Tetanus vs Fused Tetanus

A

Unfused = repeating A.P. that generated series of summated twitches, but freq. is not high enough to prevent a drop in force from occurring before the next A.P.

Fused = interval between twitches shortens & there is a stable level of muscle force

32
Q

EMG analyses provide insight on:

A

Timing of Muscle Activation & Amplitude of Muscle Activation

33
Q

Force Plates provide a measurement of

A

Amplitude
Duration
Phasic Characteristics
Frequency

34
Q

Inverse Dynamics

A

GRF decreases as you go up the body segment.

35
Q

Joint Moment

A

rotational effect produced by a force

36
Q

Center of Mass

A

unique point where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero

37
Q

Center of Pressure

A

point of application where the vertical ground reaction force is said to act

38
Q

Pressure Equation

A

Pressure = Force/Area

*therefore force = pressure x area

39
Q

Why is Pressure Important?

A

Force doesn’t change but when its distributed over a larger area, the pressure at any given point is less.

40
Q

Platform Pressure Systems (emed)

A

functional assessment of the plantar surface of the foot (single foot step or multiple)

41
Q

Loadsol

A

new tech, very linear, very durable, as app for immediate feedback

42
Q

What bones & ligaments make up Medial Longitudinal Arch?

A

idk

43
Q

What bones & ligaments make up Transverse Arch?

A

idk

44
Q

What bones & ligaments make up Lateral Longitudinal Arch?

A

idk

45
Q

Pronation consists of

A

Eversion
ABduction
Dorsiflexion

46
Q

Supination consists of

A

Inversion
ADDuction
Plantarflexion

47
Q

What movement occurs most at Talocrural Joint?

A

Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion

This is sagittal plane

48
Q

What movement occurs most at Subtalar Joint?

A

Inversion/Eversion

*lots of ABD/ADD too
This is frontal plane

49
Q

What is First Ray Axis? Why is it significant?

A

All bones in line in 1st column; it is independent from other 4 metatarsals and has a few oblique axes

50
Q

What is Fifth Ray Axis? Why is it significant?

A

the 4th and 5th metarsals together; it has tri-planar axes

51
Q

Sagittal Plane Kinematics: Ankle

A

10-15 deg DF
20 deg PF

52
Q

How much ROM do you need in 1st MTP joint to have a good push-off?

A

~65 deg motion

*if not, compensate by excessive toe out

53
Q

Extrinsic Foot Muscles: Anterior Compartment

A

Ant. Tib (dorsiflexion, inversion)
Eccentric action at heel contact to decelerate PF
controls pronation in Stance phase produces DF in Swing Phase for foot clearance

54
Q

Extrinsic Foot Muscles: Lateral Compartment

A

Fibularis Longus & Brevis
Pronate!
primary- eversion, secondary- PF

55
Q

Extrinsic Foot Muscles: Posterior Compartment

A

Plantarflexors (gastroc, soleus, Tibialis posterior, FDL, FHL, etc)
control motions of pronation/supination
Active in most of Stance Phase
Eccentrically control DF until heel off
Concentric burst from heel off to toe off

56
Q

Tibialis Posterior activation in Gait analysis

A

active in all of stance phase to eccentrically control pronation in first 1/2 of stance phase
second 1/2 of stance phase it helps foot supinate

57
Q

Sagittal Plane Kinematics: Hip

A

30 deg flexion
10 deg extension

58
Q

Sagittal Plane Kinematics: Knee

A

60 deg flexion
-5 deg extension

59
Q

Frontal Plane Kinematics: Hip

A

5 deg ABD
5 deg ADD

60
Q

Frontal Plane Kinematics: Knee

A

5 deg valgus (ABD)
5 deg varus (ADD)

61
Q

When is knee flexion highest?

A

Midswing

62
Q

Transverse Plane Kinematics: Hip

A

10 deg IR
7 deg ER

63
Q

Transverse Plane Kinematics: Knee

A

5 deg IR & ER

64
Q

Hip Abductors muscle activity in gait

A

-active at end of swing phase to prepare for weight acceptance
-most active during first 40% of cycle

65
Q

Knee Extensors Muscle activity in Gait Cycle:

A

Vasti- most active after heel strike, controls knee flexion (eccentrically helps with shock absorption)
Rectus Femoris- after toe off helps flex hip (2 joint muscle)

66
Q

Knee Flexors Muscle activity in Gait Cycle:

A

most active just before and just after heel contact
before= decelerate knee ext.
after= assist with hip ext. & provide stability

67
Q

Hip Joint Torque Sagittal

A

early stance- hip ext torque
2nd 1/2 of stance- hip flexion
early swing- concentric hip flexion
late swing- extensor torque

68
Q

Hip Joint Torque Frontal

A

Stance = large ABD torque
Glute Med- eccentric to concentric contraction in stance
Swing= concentric

69
Q

Knee Joint Torques Sagittal

A

Early Stance= brief initial flexion torque followed by Large ext torque

70
Q

Knee Joint Torques Frontal

A

Stance = Internal ABD torque (GRF pushes knee into ADD so its the external torque)

71
Q

Six Determinants of Gait

A

Hip Flexion
Pelvic Rotation
Pelvic Drip
Knee Flexion
Foot/Ankle Motion
Lateral Displacement of the Body

72
Q
A

Move Science 2 (1 decks)

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