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EIP 2 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of questions do narrative reviews answer?

A

Background questions

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2
Q

Where is information for background questions found?

A

General sources (textbooks, Google, etc)

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3
Q

What type of questions do systematic reviews answer?

A

Foreground questions

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4
Q

Where is information for foreground questions found?

A

primary research studies

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5
Q

What are the two types of systematic reviews?

A

Qualitative and quantitative

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6
Q

What is a meta-analysis?

A

A quantitative systematic review - pools data from multiple RCTs

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7
Q

Why are systematic reviews on the top of the EBP pyramid?

A

Lowest bias

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8
Q

What are the benefits of systematic reviews?

A

Combine results from several RCTs to create “pooled effect”. Can draw generalized cause and effect from RCTs.

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9
Q

Why is meta-analysis more useful than an RCT?

A

Pooled data, more power to apply to patient decision making.

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10
Q

What questions should be asked when appraising a meta-analysis? (5)

A
  1. Is the PICO identifiable? 2. Did they find all the best available research evidence? 3. Were all included studies critically appraised? 4. Have results been summarized in tables/plots? 5. What do the results mean?
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11
Q

Where should PICO elements be found in an ideal search?

A

Title of the review

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12
Q

What is the study type of choice for therapy-related foreground questions?

A

RCTs

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13
Q

What is selection bias?

A

selectively choosing which studies to include in the syst. Review

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14
Q

What is the first step in avoiding selection bias?

A

Systematic search methodology

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15
Q

What steps should be included in systematic searching? (4)

A
  1. Have transparent and thorough search strategy 2. Search Cochrane library 3. Search other major electronic databases 4. Hand searching of “grey literature”
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16
Q

What is “grey literature”?

A

conference proceedings, reference lists, hard to find journals, unpublished studies

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17
Q

What is a good rule of thumb to determine if results have been summarized appropriately?

A

See if two independent assesors were used to extract the data

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18
Q

What table should be included in a systematic review?

A

Summary table of all included RCTs

19
Q

What should each listed RCT have a description of? (3)

A
  1. Intervention used 2. Number of subjects 3. Effectiveness of therapy (including 95% CI)
20
Q

What should be included in the table describing RCTs to make the review even better? (4)

A
  1. comparison intervention 2. duration of intervention 3. frequency of intervention 4. “intensity” of intervention
21
Q

What does the summary table of RCTs allow you to determine?

A

If all included studies were similar enough in design

22
Q

Why is it important that all studies be similar in design?

A

For pooling of the results

23
Q

How are results of a meta-analysis expressed?

A

Forest plot

24
Q

What is a forest plot?

A

Visual aid for summarizing data in quantitative literature

25
Q

Key components of a forest plot? (5)

A
  1. Line of no effect 2. Point estimates for each study 3. Representation of size of each study 4. CIs for each study 5. Pooled effect diamond
26
Q

How are the sizes of studies represented on a forest plot?

A

Size of box

27
Q

Which side of the line of no effect favors treatment, and which side favors placebo?

A

Right side = treatment, Left side = placebo

28
Q

What does the width of the pooled effect diamond represent?

A

total CI

29
Q

What does the size of the pooled effect diamond represent?

A

Total number of patients of all RCTs

30
Q

What should you be able to interpret by looking at a forest plot?

A

Effectiveness of therapy

31
Q

Where is the exact pooled relative risk on a forest plot?

A

Center of the pooled effect diamond

32
Q

What is the exact pooled relative risk?

A

quantitative measure of how all subjects responded to the treatment

33
Q

What does it mean if CI crosses line of no effect?

A

Statistically insignificant

34
Q

What does it mean if CI does not cross line of no effect?

A

Statistically significant

35
Q

How do you look for consistency amongst RCTs with a forest plot?

A

Are most trials on same side of line of no effect? Do most CI s of included trials overlap with the CI of pooled result?

36
Q

What is the “eyeball test”?

A

Measure of heterogeneity - look to see if included trials are similar enough (on forest plot)

37
Q

How do you determine clinical significance?

A

Compare difference between treatment and control groups to an MCID if available

38
Q

What are three strategies for finding systematic reviews?

A
  1. limiters/filters for syst. Reviews 2. Include syst. Review-related keywords in search string 3. know if database has special focus on syst. Reviews
39
Q

Six databases to use when looking for syst. Reviews?

A

Medline, SportDiscus, Cochrane database, PubMed, Trip, PEDRO

40
Q

What filter should you use in PubMed?

A

“Clinical Queries”

41
Q

Which database filters by color-coding?

A

TRIP database

42
Q

Which database does not have a “systematic review” filter?

A

SportDiscus

43
Q

How do you limit you search to systematic reviews if there is no filter?

A

Include variations of systematic review keywords (with or without truncation symbol)

EIP 2 (1 decks)

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