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STA 261 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the formula for union probability?

A

P(A or B)=P(A)+ P(B)-P(A and B)

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2
Q

what is the formula for complement probability?

A

P(A^C)=1-P(A)

P(A^C)=complement of A

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3
Q

what is the conditional probability rule

A

P(A and B)/P(B)

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4
Q

what does sensitivity mean?

A

true positive and have disease; yes yes

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5
Q

what does specificity mean?

A

true negative and do not have disease; no no

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6
Q

what is the parameters for binomial distribution?

A

X(squiggly line)Bin(n= ,p= )

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7
Q

what is the parameters for normal distribution?

A

X(squiggly line)N(mean= , std. dev.= )

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8
Q

what are the appropriate graphs for quantitative (discrete or continuous) data?

A

histograms, box plots, or dot plots

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9
Q

what are the appropriate graphs for categorical data?

A

pie chart, Pareto chart, or bar chart

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10
Q

explain SOCS

A

Shape-skewness, modality
Outliers-how many, high/low
Center-depends on skewness and outliers, mean or median
Spread-depends on skewness and outliers, std. dev. or IQR

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11
Q

what signifies a strong correlation?

A

.7+

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12
Q

what signifies a moderate correlation?

A

.4-.6

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13
Q

what signifies a weak correlation?

A

.1-.3

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14
Q

examples of variability in the real world (3)

A

gas prices, heights, temperatures

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15
Q

what are the 3 main reasons to study statistics?

A

-being informed
-making good decisions
-evaluating those decisions

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16
Q

where do we find statistics? (4)

A

news, articles, surveys, charts/graphs

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17
Q

in statistics, ____________ provides meaning to our studies

A

context

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18
Q

what are the 2 ways stats differs from math?

A

role of context and logic of statistical inference

19
Q

the total set of all “individuals” of interest

A

population

20
Q

a subset of “individuals” selected from the population

A

sample

21
Q

numerical characteristic of a population, a fixed quantity; one, set value(typically unknown)

A

parameter

22
Q

numerical characteristic of a sample, a variable quantity; every new sample creates a new _____________

A

statistic

23
Q

match these:

population sample
statistic parameter

A

population–>parameter
sample–>statistic

24
Q

what 3 things should you be able to identify in a statistical question?

A

-the population being studied
-the variable(characteristic) to be measured
-the variation that may occur in the measurement of that characteristic

25
Q

what are the 4 steps in solving a statistical problem?

A

-formulate a statistical question
-collect data
-analyze data
-interpret and communicate results

26
Q

methods for organizing data; summaries, reports, records

A

descriptive statistics

27
Q

methods for drawing conclusions about a population; predict, estimate, conclude, infer

A

inferential statistics

28
Q

a list of distinct categories and their counts

A

frequency distribution

29
Q

a list of distinct values and their relative frequencies (proportions/percentages)

A

relative frequency distribution

30
Q

how is relative frequency found?

A

taking the frequency for that category and dividing it by the sample size

31
Q

what are the 2 numerical summaries for categorical data?

A

frequency distribution and relative frequency distribution

32
Q

what methods are used to describe quantitative data? (3)

A

SOCS, scatterplot, contingency table

33
Q

what is the law of large numbers?

A

the probability of an event is the proportion of times it occurs in a large number of repetitions of the experiment

the more times we do an experiment, the closer our experimental probability will become to our theoretical probability

34
Q

probability based on personal opinion

A

subjective probability

35
Q

probability based on formulas

A

theoretical probability

36
Q

probability based on results of a random experiment

A

experimental probability

37
Q

events that have no outcomes in common

A

mutually exclusive

38
Q

the occurrence of one event has no effect on the other event

A

independent

39
Q

individual event probability

A

marginal probability

40
Q

probability of the overall sample

A

unconditional probability

41
Q

probability that’s conditioning on an event

A

conditional probability

42
Q

how do you verify if something is a valid probability distribution?

A

add up all probabilities and verify that they equal 1 exactly

43
Q

what are the 4 binomial conditions?

A

1) fixed # of trials, n=
2) 2 possible outcomes, success/fail
3) probability of success is the same? p=
4) independent

44
Q
A

STA 261 (1 decks)

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