Exam #1 Flashcards
1
Q
3 Major Components of Wildlife Management
A
Wildlife Populations, Environments, and Habitats, Humans (cultural systems, social structures, and institutions)
2
Q
What career- maintains or manipulates wildlife populations, habitats, or human users to produce benefits for wildlife and the general public. Benefits sought may be ecological, economic, social, recreational, or scientific. A wildlife manager uses wildlife science to formulate and apply scientifically sound solutions to wildlife and habitat management problems.
A
Wildlife Manager
3
Q
What career- gathers, analyzes, and interprets data on wildlife and habitats, including behavior, disease, ecology, genetics, nutrition, population dynamics, physiology, land-use changes, and pollution to conserve wildlife species and improve habitat conditions. A wildlife biologist uses scientific principles to research wildlife and habitats to increase our knowledge base.
A
Wildlife Biologist
4
Q
What career- teaches high school and university students about wildlife science and conservation including wildlife biology, ecology, physiology, disease, toxicology, taxonomy, economics, research and management techniques, and conservation policy and law.
A
Wildlife Educator
5
Q
What career- enforces wildlife laws and regulations to maintain wildlife populations at desired levels. Wildlife law enforcement officers often perform surveys of wildlife populations, are involved in trapping and banding programs, implement wildlife population controls, respond to complaints of nuisance wildlife, and educate the public about wildlife issues.
A
Wildlife Law Enforcement Officer
6
Q
What career- collects data on wildlife and habitats under the supervision of a Wildlife Manager or Wildlife Biologists.
A
Wildlife Technician
7
Q
What career- intercepts smuggled, illegal shipments of live wild animals for the pet trade and wild animal parts for trophy or medicinal purposes. Wildlife inspectors are stationed at international airports, ocean ports, and border crossings. Forensics specialists perform scientific and investigative work to document the origin and nature of evidence collected on these illegal imports.
A
Wildlife Inspector and Forensics Specialist
8
Q
What career - interprets wildlife research and conservation programs to present to the general public. Communications and public relations specialists write articles and news releases, create brochures and websites, photograph wildlife and conservation activities, and speak at public gatherings or through the media.
A
Communications and Public Relations Specialist
9
Q
What career- applies wildlife management theories and practices to laws and regulations governing wildlife and habitats. Wildlife policy analysts often work for governments, legislative bodies, nonprofit organizations, or industry groups.
A
Wildlife Policy Analyst
10
Q
What career- evaluates ecosystems to determine environmental impacts from proposed actions. Following standards created by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), consultants provide reports to businesses, industries, and governments to ensure quality environments.
A
Wildlife Consultant
11
Q
What career- provides economic analyses of natural resources to support policies, critical habitat designation, assess damage, and analyze environmental plans.
A
Wildlife Economist
12
Q
What career- works with many stakeholders and budgets to provide assistance in promoting sound resource management programs designed to effectively manage wildlife and habitats.
A
Wildlife Administrator
13
Q
What career- works with Geographic Information Systems and other technologies to interpret data and make management and policy recommendations concerning wildlife and their habitats.
A
GIS Specialist
14
Q
Wildlife once referred the following animals?
A
Game birds (9% of the species) and Game mammals (12% of the species)
15
Q
At a National Level what are they responsible for ?
A
wildlife, plants, all endangered species and habitat managed by US Fish & Wildlife Service
16
Q
Nationally fisheries are divided into what?
A
Freshwater fish—US Fish & Wildlife Service (Dept. of Interior)
Marine fisheries—National Marine Fisheries Service (Dept. of Commerce)
17
Q
PA Game Commission
A
(birds & mammals)
18
Q
PA Fish & Boat Commission
A
(fish, reptiles & amphibians, and invertebrates)
19
Q
PA Dept. of Conservation and Natural Resources
A
(DCNR–forests and plants)
20
Q
Humans arrived in North America 10,000-14,000 years ago
Extirpation of many species followed
Modified habitat for crops and water use
A
Native Americans and Wildlife
21
Q
Native Americans- Value and use of wildlife varied among tribes
Abundant game not generally used wisely
A
running whole herds of bison over cliffs
22
Q
Native Americans and Europeans
A
Diseases brought by Europeans reduced native American populations by as much as 90%
Livestock brought by Europeans also brought wildlife diseases
E.g. anthrax and bovine brucellosis
23
Q
Resource exploitation an economic driving force in the exploration and settlement of the New World
Fisheries, fur trapping and timber (for building and fuel)
Anthropocentric view
A
Europeans Origins
24
Q
What is Anthropocentric view
A
An anthropocentric (human-centered) view led to over-exploitation and degradation of areas colonized
25
Forest reserves became a part of colonial natural resource management—Why?
To keep water in higher quality and keep runoff from going into the water
26
What are forest reserve?
are portions of state lands where commercial harvesting of wood products is excluded in order to capture elements of biodiversity that can be missing from sustainably harvested sites.
27
What is an Auroch
Progenitor to domestic cattle
28
What happen in 1564- related to European Conservation Movement
1564—Polish authorities set aside a forested area, but unsuccessful
Became a preserve for European bison or wisent
29
The Dodo Bird was last seen in ?
1662
30
During what year did extinction's in Europe spurred concern for conservation movement
1800s
31
What were the new Organizations formed in Britain?
Commons, Open Spaces and Footpaths Preservation Society—1865
National Trust for Places of Historic Interest and Natural Beauty—1895
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds—1899
Preserved over 900,000 hectares of open land
32
What was he acts release by the Conservation Legislation in Britain?
National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act—1949
Protection and public enjoyment of the wider countryside
Wildlife and Countryside Act—1981
Protection of endangered species and marine environment—equivalent to us ESA
33
What is the Wildlife and Countryside Act—1981?
Protection of endangered species and marine environment—equivalent to us ESA]
34
European Union (EU) now coordinates all regional initiatives for the protection of species, habitats and ecosystem processes—what might be the benefits or costs?
EU Benefits- lots of lands to cove for migration birds
EU Costs- conflictions, state rights
35
What is found through history when in comes to wildlife usage?
Human over-exploitation/persecution is found throughout history
36
What is Pleistocene extinctions ?
Pleistocene extinctions of mega-fauna in North America coincide with arrival and growth of human populations
37
Why was the Steller Sea Cow extinct after being discover after 27 years
Over Harvesting
38
What was extirpated from Europe?
Lions
39
What was domesticated to extiction?
Auroch
40
What extirpated the eastern elk
Market Hunting in PA
41
Before it was protected the Diamond back terrapin was
commercially extinct (not viable to pursue commercially, as numbers are so low)
42
During what years was big game resources in US reduced by 80+%
Between 1885 & 1910
43
Era of Abundance
1600-1850
Era of Exploitation
1850-1900
Era of Protection
1900-1929
Era of Game Management
1929-1955
Era of Environmental Management
1960-present
US History of Wildlife Management
44
1872-73: 1.5 million hides sold to eastern markets
tongue was the only other part used
1860: est. pop.= 60 million
1889: remaining pop. = 1,000
Exploited by native cultures
generally human populations and exploitation low
Those of European descent began the slaughter
US Army also slaughtered them to reduce food supplies for native Americans
Bison History
45
What was the most numerous bird in North America in middle 1800s
With flocks numbered up to 2 billion!
Passenger Pigeon
46
Passenger Pigeons were _______ in 1800s
As many as 10,000,000 harvested from one colony
Killed for food
47
What sport were Passenger Pigeons killed for?
Pigeon Shoot
48
How could passenger pigeons be harvested to extinction?
Low fecundity-1 egg
Critical nesting mass needed
1,000 market hunters used technology to follow their prey during migration
49
When was the last passenger pigeon colony last seen?
1885
50
When did "Martha" the last passenger pigeon at Cincinnati zoo died?
1914
51
The Great auk when extinct what year?
1844
52
The only US Parrot- Carolina Parakeet, when extinct in the wild for?
1870s extinct in the wild?
Hunted and persecuted as crop pest
Hovering over dead birds made them easy targets
Last one died in 1914 at the Cincinnati Zoo (same year as “Martha”)
53
Labrador Ducks went extinct in 1878 because
food shortages (little to no shellfish and crustaceans, which are the main duck's food)
54
subspecies of prairie chicken—disappeared in 1932 (over-hunting, habitat destruction, & disease
Heath Hen
55
Management Problems: Too Many vs. Endangered/Persecution/Introduction
Over-Abundance
Predator Control
Introduced species impact native species
56
William Hornaday
(Director of the NY Zoological Society—Bronx Zoo)- “predators are the root of considerable evil”
57
Predator Control
William Hornaday (Director of the NY Zoological Society—Bronx Zoo)- “predators are the root of considerable evil”
Bounties result in extirpation of species
Resulted in over abundance & starvation of prey (ecological shifts)
58
Introduced species impact native species
Ring-necked pheasants
Brown trout
Exotic antelope
Starlings, house sparrows, Norway rats, red fox…….
Numerous exotic plants
59
Wildlife Management in the USA
European wildlife management objectives were to improve hunting for private landowners
In US colonial times first game laws appear for the benefit of all
60
when it comes to wildlife management in the USA in the1800s what restriction were made for
Seasons & their lengths
Bag limits
Methods
61
What peak in North America by the early 1900s
market hunting and exploitation
62
When was Wildlife Management "born"
Once it was recognized that wildlife is a renewable resource
63
Who introduce the concept of “conservation through wise use” to the public
Teddy Roosevelt
64
Who were the Americans Philosophers of 1800s?
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
65
Henry David Thoreau
advocate for nature and opponent of materialistic society (“Walden”)
66
used the writings of Emerson and Thoreau in his campaign to preserve natural areas
Preservationist ethic—spiritual and artistic value over exploitation for material needs
Nature has intrinsic value (value in and of itself)
Muir believed that all species have equal value to humans
John Muir
67
He was the first head of the U.S. Forest Service 1905
Chief advisor on forestry to President t. Roosevelt
Pioneered professional forestry
Coined the term "conservation"
2 time governor of PA
Gifford Pinchot
68
(Gifford Pinchot)
Resource Conservation ethic
“the greatest good of the greatest number (of people) for the longest time”
69
(Gifford Pinchot)
Philosophy was "sustainable" use
maximize timber harvest, but protect soil and water resources
John Muir wanted full protection (no harvest) of forests
70
Who said this “There can be no greater issue than conservation in this country” ?
Roosevelt
71
Roosevelt influenced the history of game management in 3 basic ways:
Recognized landscapes, water, vegetation & animals as an ecosystem
Conservation through wise use
Science is the cornerstone of conservation
72
What did Roosevelt started and set aside for game management?
Set aside 60 million ha of land during his presidency
Started the National Wildlife Refuge system
73
Who is the following?
(1887-1948)
Originally a forester
Sought a middle ground between utilization and preservation
Recognized that nature as a landscape organized as a system of interrelated processes-ecosystem
Took Teddy Roosevelt’s three concepts (ecosystem management, wise use, and science-based management) and formed the principals of wildlife management
His synthesis has been called the evolutionary-ecological land ethic
Aldo Leopold
74
Ecosystem Management combines the following
Leopold's and Pinchot's views
75
What is the following- Highest priority is maintaining species and ecosystems
Ecosystem Management
76
"Father of Wildlife Management"
Wrote the following-
“Game Management”-1933
“The Conservation Ethic”-1933
“A Sand County Almanac”-1949 (land ethic philosophy)
Spearheaded the founding of the Gila Wilderness Area of NM
Helped found The Wilderness Society
Co-founded The Wildlife Society
DVU has a student chapter
Wrote: “To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.”
Aldo Leopold
77
Who is the following?
Anthropologist, naturalist
Editor of “Forest and Stream”
Wrote about plight of Yellowstone NP
Co-Founder of Boone and Crockett Club (with Teddy Roosevelt)
Founding member Audubon Society
Founding member Wildlife Conservation Society (Bronx Zoo)
Influential in founding of Glacier National Park
Adviser to Teddy Roosevelt
George Bird Grinnell
78
Who is the following-
(1842-1911)
Taught first course in Ecology at MIT
Particularly interested in water quality
Ellen Swallow Richards
79
Who is the following-
(1907-1964)
“Silent Spring”
DDT
Rachel Carson
80
"Man and Nature" (1864)
G.P. Marsh
81
Others who have warned of ecology disaster
Fairfield Osborn
Paul Ehrlich and Anne Ehrlich
Albert Gore
E.O. Wilson
Jared Diamond
82
Public Trust Doctrine
Essential element of North American wildlife law
Establishes a trustee relationship of government Citizens- own resource, not the government
Recognizes that natural resources are universally important in the lives of people
Trustees (government and/or commissions) manages assets owned by the people
PTD requires accountability of government for actions
Public has legal rights to enforce accountability—typically through litigation or through elections
83
The Seven Sisters for Conservation
The Public Trust
Prohibition on Commerce of Dead Wildlife
Democratic Rule of Law
Hunting Opportunity for All
Non-frivolous Use
International Resources
Scientific Management
84
In North America, natural resources on public lands are managed by government agencies to ensure that we always have wildlife and wild places to enjoy.
The Public Trust
85
Conservation laws and their strong enforcement in the United States and Canada saved wildlife from slaughter.
Prohibition on Commerce of Dead Wildlife
86
You can help make laws to regulate hunting and fishing and conserve wildlife.
Democratic Rule of Law
87
Every citizen has an opportunity, under the law, to hunt and fish in the United States and Canada
Hunting Opportunity for All
88
In North America, we can legally kill certain wild animals under strict guidelines for food and fur, self-defense and property protection
Non-frivolous Use
89
Wildlife and fish migrate freely across boundaries between states, provinces and countries.
International Resources
90
The right information helps us make good decisions and become better stewards of wildlife.
Scientific Management
91
The President Grant established what?
Worlds 1st Notional Park (Yellow Stone Park 1872)
92
Prohibits importation of wild vertebrates and other animals injurious to humans, agriculture, and wildlife resources
Prohibits violation of federal, state or foreign laws
Essentially eliminated “market hunting”
Lacey Act 1900
93
Roosevelt designs first bird sanctuary in 1903, this later becomes the
National Wildlife Refuge System
Today there are over 500 refuges, protecting over 60 million ha
94
Stopped market hunting of waterfowl
Primary message: migratory birds are not the property of any single country that they pass through
Amended in 1936
1918- Migratory Bird treaty act
95
This afforded protection for black bass and other game fish
1926- Black Bass Act
96
Authority to control wildlife
1931- Animal Damage Act
97
Allowed acquisition of areas for conservation
Requires coordination between federal and state agencies
1934- Fish and wildlife Coordination Act
98
Also known as Duck Stamp Act
Required purchase of duck stamp by hunters—funds used to purchase habitat
J. “Ding” Darling, 1st head of Bureau of Biological Survey, originated idea for stamp and the first design
1934-Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act
99
Also called Pittman-Robertson Act
Funds obtained from taxes on sporting arms and ammunition for game restoration work
1937-Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Act
100
Also called Dingell-Johnson Act
Funds from taxes on fishing tackle allocated to sport fish restoration
1950-Federal Aid in Fish Restoration Act
101
Separated commercial fisheries from USFWS into US Fisheries Commission
Management for commerce vs. conservation
1950s—Magnuson Act
102
Established the US Fish & Wildlife Service
1956-Fish and Wildlife Act
103
Established “wilderness” areas
1964-The Wilderness Act
104
1970s Legislative History
Clean Air Act
Clean Water Act
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
1972-Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) :Moratorium of marine mammal harvesting and Exceptions: research & indigenous peoples
105
“The people have a right to clean air, pure water, and to the preservation of the natural, scenic, historic and esthetic values of the environment. Pennsylvania’s public natural resources are the common property of all the people, including generations yet to come. As trustee of these resources, the Commonwealth shall conserve and maintain them for the benefit of all the people.”
-Montana and New York also have “______” and several states pursuing legislation
"Green Amendment"
1971- Pa Article 1 section 27
106
Conservation and management of endangered fauna and flora
“Critical habitat” and Recovery Plans required
1973-Endangered Species Act (ESA)
107
Establishes import/export procedures for endangered species
1974-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
108
What form the legal basis for US protection of endangered species
CITES, ESA & MMPA
109
Conservation became more prominent through 1980s and 1990s
Conservation Reserve Program, Wetlands Reserve Program, Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program, Grasslands Reserve Program, Natural Resources Conservation Services
1980s Farm Bill
110
Non-game conservation through grants to states for action plans and monitoring/conservation efforts
1980- Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act
111
2000s-attempts to improve non-game funding
Conservation and Reinvestment Act (CARA)
Tax to support non-game research
Controversial—”Cara Lite” passed 2001
112
Supports State Wildlife Action Plans
Annual appropriations required
2000—State & Tribal Wildlife Grant Program
113
Inhibits wildlife movements across border
2006—US. Secure Fence Act (1,127 km of fence)
114
Stable funding in support of State Wildlife Action Plans
2023—Recovering America’s Wildlife Act?
115
Who is the following-
(ecologist) organized the “First International Conference on Conservation Biology” at the San Diego Wild Animal Park
Michael Soulé modern “Father of Conservation Biology”
1985—Society for Conservation Biology founded
Michael Soule
116
What are the 3 basic Conservation Movements
1920s-early 1930s
-Buffalo gone
-Only 500,000 white-tailed deer left
-People observed extinction in their lifetimes
Began 1960s
-Habitat loss
-Pollution
-Persecution of predators
-1960 & 70s brought more concern for threatened and endangered species and habitats
-“optimum yield” (sustaining natural diversity) became the goal, rather “maximum sustainable yield” (goal earlier)
End of 20th Century
-Reawakening of concerns from the 1960s
117
Director, helped establish bison preserves
William Hornaday
118
American Bison Assc.- New York (Bronx) Zoo
Bison were restocked with animals from the New York Zoo (Bronx Zoo)
Now more than 25,000 bison in public ownership (250,00 privately owned) from a low of 1000
Efforts now to re-establish pure American bison
119
Approximately 1,800 of them
European Bison (Wisent)
120
Canada Bison
approximately 10,000
Wood Bison
121
killed 2 million ducks and geese/year in North America
Source was _____—3,000 tons/year
Lead Shot --> Lead poisoning
122
In 1976 the USFWS required what to be used in "hot spots"
Steel shot
123
1991- what was not allowed for waterflow hunting
lead shot
124
What percentage did the mortally dropped in 6 years?
64%
125
What stills remains a threat in large game hunting?
Lead sinkers and lead
126
This was Extirpated from PA by market hunting
Elk
127
What allowed for Marine mammals sucessions?
Marine Mammal Protection Act (1972) & Endangered Species Act (1973) provide protection
128
What is the definition of wildlife Management?
“…wildlife management is the application of ecological knowledge to populations of vertebrate animals and their plant and animal associates in a manner that strikes a balance between the needs of those populations and the needs of people.”
129
How is Ecological Knowledge Applied in Wildlife Management?
“Ecological knowledge” is applied through 3 basic approaches:
-Preservation: no human intervention
-Direct manipulation: trapped, shot, poisoned, &/or stocked
-Indirect manipulation: altering of habitat (vegetation, water, etc.)
130
Make population increase
Make population decrease
Harvest the population sustainably
Do nothing except monitor the population
Basic Goals of Wildlife Management
131
use of a resource & regulation
Management
132
use of a resource &/or preservation
Conservation
133
leave nature alone, no use
Preservation
134
"study of the home"
Ecology
135
Network that interacts in a manner to sustain life, including two parts: biotic community and abiotic
Ecosystem
136
living part
biotic community
137
non-living
abiotic
138
are an identifiable association of plants and animals living in a finite physical environment (but boundaries are often hard to identify)
Communities
139
includes a few hundred meters below the ground to several kilometers into the atmosphere
Biosphere
140
Internal Modifications to ecosystem?
Individual
Aging into a mature forest
Long-term genetic responses to environmental conditions
Evolution
141
External Modifications to Ecosystem?
Climate change
Natural impacts
Lightning, fire, drought, volcano, hurricane, etc.
Human impacts
142
is an area with the combination of resources (food, cover, water) and environmental conditions (e.g. temp., precipitation.) that promotes residency by individuals of a given species and allows them to survive and reproduce.
Habitat
143
food, cover , water
**Combination of resources**
144
ex. temp, precipitation
environmental conditions
145
refers to a particular vegetative community (e.g. mixed deciduous forest)
Habitat type
146
What is the number one threat to wildlife globally
Habitat loss
147
What impacts the potential for reproduction
Habitat varies in quality and impacts potential for reproduction
148
refers to how elements of habitat resources are used in relation to their availability.
Habitat Selection
149
Habitat Quality
Individual may stay where necessary resources in an area reach critical levels of abundance
Resources needed may not have equal quality in a given area
-May be enough to survive, but insufficient for reproduction
Observed differences in reproduction and survival may not necessarily be related to genetics, but may well be a reflection of habitat quality
-Demographic performance of a population is likely an indicator of habitat quality
--High population densities, survival and reproduction are in high quality habitats
High quality habitats will be inhabited first
Other factors may be involved, like predation
See textbook, Chapter 15, for various types of habitat studies
150
Organisms live within physical and biological limits
Ranges of Tolerance
151
Narrowed ranges describe as
steno
152
broad ranges describe as
eury
153
Ecological Traps
In human altered environments cues used by wildlife to select habitat may not result in high survival or reproduction
154
What are 2 ways Ecological traps can occur?
Cues can be misleading
Can reduce demographic success
155
Misleading Cues
Non-native plants may promote survival, but inhibit reproduction—Cotton rat and Lehmann lovegrass (non-native)
156
Reduce Demographic Success
Human activities may increase mortality or reduce reproduction
-Roads & trains—increase mortality (elk in PA)
-Mowing—destroys ground nesting bird’s nests
-Utility poles electrocution of birds of pry
157
Treats from human activities to wildlife gives them
had insufficient evolutionary time to adap
158
resources that may be in short supply and which limit the number of individuals
Limiting Factors
159
Wood duck box
may not look like a tree with a cavity, but the nest box opening and internal measurements may well mimic the requirements of the duck and are readily accepted as a substitute
160
“Functional role and position of the organism in its community”
Niche
161
What does niche help reduce ?
Competition between species
162
What is an example of a niche?
Jack pines thrive in fire disturbed systems
-Spruce grouse feed on jack pine needles in winter
-Ruffed grouse may be found in the same area, but feed on buds of deciduous trees in winter—different feeding niches (niche separation)
163
164
niches can be categorized in ?
Profession & address
i.e. bison: grazer, grasslands
Evolution driven
physical and biological (i.e. competition) factors provides the “fit”
165
Examples of ecological equivalents
The Scot’s pine and capercaillie are ecological equivalents to the jack pine and spruce grouse
166
This demonstrates what?
Different ancestors may produce species of similar appearance and niches, due to similar evolutionary forces
Don’t have to be closely related to be ecological equivalents
Convergent Evolution
167
Niche Partitioning Examples:
American woodcock -both feed on worms but in different habitats and at different times
Insectivorous bats and birds- feed at different times
Wildebeest and topis- feed on different parts of the same food
Herons & egrets -often nest in the same vegetation, but at different heights
168
regions with similar abiotic and biotic (not necessarily same species) characteristics
Biomes
169
What must mangers insure?
must insure that the habitats of a target species matches its niche requirements
170
What may managers do?
Augment or maintain habitat
-Grazing area
-Nesting sites
-Thermal cover
-Water sources
Reduce competition
Reduce predation
Eliminate or reduce impact of exotics that out-compete for the same niche, examples:
-Starlings & house sparrows-bluebird nesting sites
-European rabbits and potoroos
-Exotic/invasive plants & native plants
171
This animal is endemic to eastern US
has a big habitat
and large ungulates once prevented succession for them
Bog Turtle
172
native and restricted to a certain place.
Endemic
173
freshwater wetland of soft, spongy ground consisting mainly of partially decayed plant matter called peat. Generally found in cool, northern climates.
Bog Habitat
174
communities change in a sequential process
Ecological Succesion
175
-first step (i.e. plowed field or fire)
pioneer community
176
Final Step
Climax community
177
occurs when there was no community before
volcanic island
Primary Succession
178
remnants remain of previous community
-fire, clear cut fores
Secondary Succession
179
Aldo Leopold
Setting Back succession via 4 tools
Ax, Cow, Match & Plow
180
Due to human activities....
Species associated with climax communities have generally not done well
181
Wildlife management often deals with manipulating habitat for a specific species
Select a specific point in succession that benefits that species and try to maintain it
-bobwhite quail prefer early succession stage
182
Communities that goes through this type of succession tend to fair better
Early to mid-Succession
183
of species
Diversity
184
relative constancy of the abundance of populations
Stability
185
This is regularly unstable
Low diversity of species
186
Generally Stable
High Diversity Species
187
both benefit
Mutualism
188
required for survival for one or both
-coral & algae
Obligated Mutualism
189
part algae, part fungi
Lichen
190
not required for survival
Facultative Mutualism
191
What type of mutualism is the dodo and the calvaria tree
Obligate mutualism for the calvaria tree
192
Numerous mean of studying behavior
Focal animal sampling
Scan sampling
All occurrences or ad libitum sampling
193
Following individuals and recording behaviors over a set time period
Used for ethograms and activity budgets
Focal Animal Sampling
194
Scanning a population at specific intervals and recording all behaviors and locations
Used to evaluate space or habitat use, or population-wide activity budgets
Scan Sampling
195
Recording only occurrences of a specific behavior
Used for frequency of rare behaviors, like social encounters or mating
All occurrences or ad libitum sampling
196
Examples of behavior having strong implications for management:
Habitat selection
Home range & territory
Seasonal activities (migration, breeding, dispersal, etc.)
Habituation
197
refers to a change in an organism's behavior that results from exposure to stimuli, such as changing environmental conditions.
Behavior Plasticity
197
Where to search?
When to search?
What to search for?
How long should it take to process what it has found?
optimal Foraging behavior
198
scanning of the environment for threats is critical for early detection of a predator
Vigilance
198
Indirect effects of predators on prey may include a virtual
-Prey may adjust habitat used based on perceived threats
-Prey may adjust activity times to avoid predation
"landscape of fear"
198
Type of social behavior
individual home ranges, that may or may not overlap with others
Solitary
199
social behavior
found in social groupings
Social
200
Why Social?
Predator avoidance
Food
Reproduction
201
Occurs when females either scattered or not defensible, so choose one;
-produces greatest genetic variability in the population, more individuals get to breed
Monogamy
202
Males have multiple mates
-occurs when females defensible, so form harems
-many males don’t get to breed; have to wait or not at all
-genetic variability of population may become low in closed systems
Polygyny
203
Females have multiple mates
-males often important in care of young
-seen mostly in birds
polyandry
204
Multiple partners for both sexes
-produces excellent genetic variability in the population, as most individuals get to breed
Promiscuity
205
peent (call) count
Woodcock courtship used to estimate population
206
what is one of the cons of courtship?
May be vulnerable during that time
207
Counting males, and then estimating population size depends on knowledge of the sex ratio
Woodcock estimate population technique
208
Nesting Or Denning Sites
-Nesting grounds or sites where young are reared may be habitats different from those used at other times of the year
-Management must recognize the significance of these sites
209
Black Duck/Mallard Hybridization
Black ducks and eastern mallard populations separated by habitat preferences
-Black ducks prefer forest wetlands
-Mallards were found in more open habitat
Human habitat modification, loss of forest habitat, and plasticity of mallard behavior has resulted in incomplete sexual isolation of the species
-Female black ducks prefer mallard males
-Genetic swamping of the black duck is occurring
Management actions:
-Reduce harvest of black duck
-Maintain mallard-free habitats for black duck
-Expand black duck habitat
210
no fidelity to any particular space (e.g. caribou)
Nomadic
211
fidelity to a particular space, primarily for daily use, but not to the exclusion of others
Home Range
212
core area may be nearly restricted to the individual
Home Range w/Core Area
213
defended by individual or group for their exclusive use
Territory
214
Territory Behavior
Territory-area defended
Territories may be established seasonally,
Physical structure of some male mammals adapted for territory establishment and defense (not limited to mammals)
Territories often identified by scent &/or scrapings in ungulates
Territories set limits on size of the breeding population and may vary in size due to availability of resources
215
a gathering of males for the purposes of competitive mating display
Lek
216
Sexes may be found in different locations at different times of the year
-Sexes may be utilizing different habitats
May be to protect vulnerable young
-i.e. big horn sheep ewes and young live on steeper slopes
May be to avoid food competition
-i.e. Indiana bat
Sexual Segregation
217
Daily activity patterns
Circadian rhythms
218
During the day
Diurnal
219
dawn/dusk
crepuscular
220
at night
nocturnal
221
yearly patterns (migration, breeding, etc.) also importan
Circannual Rhythms
222
patterns of less than a day (grey langur feeding bouts throughout day, or REM sleep)
Ultradian Rhythms
223
One way movement
not like migration
Dispersal
224
When young leave home range in which they were reared—
Innate Dispersal
225
Behavioral response to environmental stresses—
Environmental Dispersal
226
Dispersal may be ____ biased
sex biased
227
stay close to birth-place and parent
ex. ground squirrels
Philopatric
228
disperse away from parents
Allopatric
229
Disadvantages of Dispersal
Young vulnerable in dispersal—higher mortality rates than residents
-Young frequently excluded from optimum habitat by adult residents
230
Advantages of Dispersal
Dispersal helps to:
-Maintain genetic variability
-Repopulate depleted areas
-Colonize new areas
231
Some species adapt well to human activities, and may become a problem
Habituation
232
May be poorly equipped for wild—need training in use of habitat and capture of prey
-e.g. golden-lion tamarin, black-footed ferrets, etc.
Imprinting must be avoided
-e.g. eagles, cranes, etc
Captive Rearing for Release
233
is just the act of moving from one location to another and back: 2-way
Can be short or long distance
Migration
234
fish-live in saltwater, breed in freshwater
e.g. salmon
Anadromous
235
fish-live in freshwater, breed in saltwater
e.g. American eel
Catadramous
236
up and down mountains
e.g. el
Altitude Migrations
237
north to south, common in birds
Latitudinal Migrations
238
Must know migration routes and seasonal habitats to protect species throughout their range
Must also protect specialized habitats required
-Hibernacular—bats, rattlesnakes, etc.
-Breeding grounds
-Nesting requirements—wood ducks require cavities for nesting
-Wintering grounds
-Migration route and resources required to complete the migration
Management of Migratory Species
239
Stop in Delaware Bay each spring on way to breeding grounds in Canada
Red Knot
240
population crashed-red knots can no longer feed optimally (fewer eggs)
blue blood colleted from them
Horseshoe Crab
241
Named the four groups that migrate:
Bats
Cetaceans
Pinnipeds
Ungulates
242
Why Do Gray Whales Migrate?
Not because of food--don’t eat—just give birth
Helps baby’s thermoregulation?
Avoid predators?
243
Why do wildebeest & zebras migrate?
Timed with rainfall—following grass production?
No—migrate due to lack of sufficient, drinkable water
As water dries up, it becomes more saline
244
Roads and pipelines interrupt migration route in some locations, but not others?
-Human activities, rather than structure may be the problem
Climate change is changing migration patterns
-Impacts on caribou and Inuits
-Changes in migration and phenology of other species (timing of life history events—like flowering, nesting, etc.)
Caribou
245
Why do Monarch Butterfly's not move to lower altitude sites?
Micro-climate essential to survival
Loss of it could cause extinction
246
When Managing Migratory Species one must?
Must Manage entire route
247
What treaty was release in regards to migrating in 1916?
Migratory Bird treaty
248
international convention (not law) for wetland protection, primarily aimed at waterfowl protectio
Ramsar Convention
249
Act of 2000 in regards to migration
Neotropical Migratory Bird Conservation Act
250
A program working with cities and partners to conserve migratory birds through education, hazard reductions, citizen science, conservation actions, and conservation and habitat improvement strategies in urban/suburban areas
Urban Migratory Bird Treaty
251
Migratory whales Commision?
International Whaling Commission
252
Goals of the Urban Conservation Treaty for Migratory Birds are:
Protect, restore, and enhance urban/suburban habitats for birds
Reduce hazards to birds
Educate and engage urban/suburban citizens in caring about and conserving birds and their habitats
253
What year was the Urban Bird Migratory Treaty Program launched?
1999
as of 2023, 32 cities signatories
