exam 1 Flashcards
what is public health?
protecting the health of the community by prevention
what are the p’s of PH (8)
prevention
protection
promotion
prolonging
product safety
physical, social, economic environments
populations
(big) picture
what is “determinant of health”
risk factors and conditions that contribute to health issues //// something someone chooses to do that can/ will cause a serious issue
what’s an example of determinant of health
vaping / smoking
what are the major historical eras (6)
ancient greece
roman empire
middle ages
birth of modern medicine
great sanitary awakening
modern public health
ancient greece
knew the importance of personal hygiene.
naturalistic concept: thought ill health was caused by imbalance between man and environment
hippocrates
father of western medicine
coined terms: chronic, epidemic
roman empire
adopted greek health vaules
great engineers
middle ages
- decline of hygiene and sanitation
- prayers were acceptable treatment for illness
- beginning tool for PH (isolated diseased individuals)
birth of modern medicine (age of reason and enlightenment)
- william harvey: used dissection to create theories
- first to suggest humans and other mammals reproduced via fertilization of egg
- edward jenner: cowpox experiment
- coined term vaccine
great sanitary awakening
- growth in scientific knowledge to help understand the origin and treatment of diseases
- acknowledged connection between poor and diseases
- clean water and sewage removal
why is PH important?
- prevention of mortality and morbidity
- longer life expectancy
- improved quality of life
how do we measure the overall health of the population?
- life expectancy at birth (age adjusted mortality rate)
- condition specific changes in life expectancy (condition specific, age specific mortality rates, infant mortality)
- self reported levels of health
what are the 10 great achievements in PH?
- vaccination
- motor vehicle safety
- safer workplaces
- control of infectious diseases
- decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke
- safer and healthier foods
- healthier mothers and babies
- family planning
- fluoridation of drinking water
- recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
what are the 3 levels of prevention
- primary prevention
- secondary prevention
- tertiary prevention
example of primary prevention
doing something to prevent from getting a disease. like eating well, exercising, not smoking
examples secondary prevention
screening
examples of tertiary prevention
surgery, or medicine
why is infant mortality used to measure the overall health of a population?
it gives general view of primary living conditions regarding people in a specific region or country
what’s the purpose of PH law
to protect and promote health. ensure rights of individuals
(ensures conditions to be healthy)
general roles of local, states, & federal health agencies
local: makes most fiscal decisions
states: makes most fiscal decisions
federal: ensures all levels of government have the capabilities to provide the essential PH services
define epidemiology
the study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events in the population
how has the focus of epidemiology changed over time?
why measure health?
- to track diseases and conditions.
- monitor health and quality of life
- identify opportunities for prevention and protection
- create “surveillance systems” & large national data bases
- distribution of resources
what’s an endemic?
the constant presences of disease or infectious agent within a geographical area
what’s an epidemic ?
the occurrence of a disease in excess of normal expectancy
what’s a pandemic?
an outbreak of a disease over a wide geographical area
what is rates?
a measure of some event disease, or condition in relation to a unit of population , along with some specification of time
what is prevalence ?
the proportion of a population that has a particular disease, injury, other health condition at a specific point in time
what is specific rates?
rate for a particular population subgroup for a specific disease, age range, or for a particular race of people
what is incidence ?
the number of new cases of a disease in a population exposed to that risk in a given time period
define problem
the what, who, where
define etiology
the why
define recommendation
reducing / eliminating the PH problem
define implementation
how can we get the job done
what are three guiding questions ?
- define the public health issue. why is this a public health problem?
- what are the factors/ determinants involved in this problem?
- what controversial and/or ethical concerns may be involved ?
how is health measured?
- mortality (death)
- morbidity (illness)
- injury
- disability adjusted life years
what is primary prevention ?
action taken to avert occurrence of disease //// (alt def) things you do to prevent disease from happening in the first place
what is secondary prevention
action take to identify at their earliest stages and to apply appropriate treatments to limit their consequences and severity
what is tertiary prevention
intervention to assist diseased or disabled person to prevent or limit further decline in their health
