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Plant Pathology > Exam #1 > Flashcards

Exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

sustained physiological and structural issue that affects some or all plant processes

A

plant disease

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2
Q

series of steps to isolate and determine what causes a disease; cannot be done with every disease

A

Koch’s Postulate

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3
Q

fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes

A

biotic agents

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4
Q

non-bio factors (climate, mechanical)

A

abiotic agents

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5
Q

obtain nutrients from dead organic matter

A

saprophytes

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5
Q

organism that grows inside the plant to complete its lifecycle and therefore has a detrimental affect on the plant

A

plant pathogen

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5
Q

obtain nutrients from another organism

A

parasites

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5
Q

need a host to live; only gets nutrients from living material

A

biotroph/obligate parasite

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5
Q

kill host and then take nutrients

A

necrotroph

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6
Q

feed on living and/or dead tissue; usually asymptomatic at first, later turns to killing tissue

A

hemibiotrophs

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7
Q

live on dead organic matter ONLY; decomposers

A

obligate saprophytes

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8
Q

better adapted as parasites, but can live as a saprophyte; adopted the ability to feed on dead OM

A

facultative saprophyte

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9
Q

better adapted as saprophyte, but can survive as a parasite when needed; adopted ability to be a parasite

A

facultative parasite

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10
Q

external/internal reactions of a plant caused by the disease - galls, leaf spot

A

symptom

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11
Q

pathogen itself shown on the plant - rust spores, powdery mildew

A

signs

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12
Q

environment, pathogen, and host (also time)

A

disease triangle

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13
Q

plant cannot be infected

A

immune

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14
Q

plant can be infected

A

suceptible

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15
Q

plant may be infected, but won’t allow pathogen to proliferate

A

resistance

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16
Q

plant can be infected and disease can spread, but the plant will survive

A

tolerant

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17
Q

order of disease development

A
  1. dispersal of pathogen to host
  2. penetration and infection of host
  3. invasion and colonization of host
  4. reproduction of pathogen
  5. dispersal of new host
  6. pathogen survival over winter
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18
Q

steps in life cycle that lead to disease

A

disease cycle

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19
Q

structure/part of pathogen that starts the infection

A

primary inoculum

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20
Q

method through which a pathogen gains access to a host - spores, insect transport

A

dispersal of inoculum

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21
Q

location where the infection starts

A

infection court

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22
Q

process of successfully infecting a host

A

colonization

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23
Q

produced on an infected plant that can lead to new infections during the same growing season

A

secondary inoculum

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24
Q

complete only 1 cycle of development (only primary inoculum) - reduce the amount/efficiency of primary inoculum to manage

A

monocyclic

25
Q

complete more than 1 cycle of development (primary and secondary inoculum) - reduce primary inoculum and reduce the rate of secondary infections; only controlling primary doesn’t do much - **sigmoid curve

A

polycyclic

26
Q

don’t bring pathogen to the host - time when inoculum isn’t present - take out 1 of the categories in the disease triangle

A

avoidance

27
Q

prevent the introduction of the pathogen; quarantine; plant seed is free of pathogen before planting (seed indexing)

A

exclusion

28
Q

destroying disease by removing infected material; solarization to kill pathogen

A

eradication

29
Q

chemical, biological, and cultural practices to prevent infection and disease

A

protection

30
Q

closer relatives to animals (glycogen, chitin in cell walls), eukaryotic, haploids

A

fungi

31
Q

sexual spores produced in asci (sacs); septate hyphae generally with two haploid nuclei in each cell; 8 ascospores

A

ascomycetes

32
Q

sexual spores produced in basidia (club-shaped); 4-spore cells; hyphae with 2 haploid nuclei in each cell; clamp connection

A

basidiomycetes

33
Q

fungus-LIKE organisms; water molds; absorb nutrients thru cell walls with cellulose; have hyphae; feed on decaying matter

A

oomycetes

34
Q

motile spores that swim thru water to sear for food; 2 flagella with different structures and functions

A

zoospores

35
Q

filamentous vegetative bodies branching out in all directions (hyphae = individual branches)

A

mycelium

36
Q

roles of hyphae

A

nutrient acquisition, penetration, networking, survival structures, proliferation, mating, fusion, and fruiting body production

37
Q

nutrient acquisition and growth are related (hyphae must move towards food)

A

trophic growth

38
Q

reproduce by budding; no hyphae; single cells

A

yeast

39
Q

bulb outside the infection zone of hyphae

A

appresorium

40
Q

specialized fungal hyphae that penetrates cell walls and expands inside the cells; nutrient acquisition and interaction between fungi and the host; surrounded by the host cell membrane; only penetrates thru the cell wall

A

haustoria

41
Q

neighboring hyphae fuse together for circulation and important for mating

A

hyphal fusion

42
Q

self fertilization (uniform)

A

homothallic

43
Q

out-crossing fungi (diversity)

A

heterothallic

44
Q

specialized hyphae; holds spores and produces and releases them; sexual or asexual

A

fruiting bodies

45
Q

classic mushrooms - few are pathogens

A

basidiocarps

46
Q

morels and small fruiting bodies

A

ascocarps

47
Q

formed under adverse conditions (host, climate, pH); perennial fruiting bodies can last for several years

A

survival structures

48
Q

hardened masses of hyphae that contain fruiting bodies

A

stroma

49
Q

masses/balls of hyphae that can stay for several years; dark in color because it has melanin to protect it from the sun

A

sclerotia

50
Q

melanized hyphal ropes

A

rhizomorphs

51
Q

hyphae that fully encases the host tissue

A

mummies

52
Q

wind, water, and vectored dispersal

A

passive dispersal

53
Q

motile spores, forceable ejection

A

active dispersal

54
Q

hyphae that produces spores without the genetic variation

A

conidiophores

55
Q

fungal disease cycle

A
  1. dissemination/ transmission
  2. arrival and attachment
  3. infection
  4. colonization
  5. survival
56
Q

from one unrelated host to another

A

horizontal transmission

57
Q

from parent to progeny

A

vertical transmission

58
Q

infect directly thru the cell walls of a host

A

direct penetration

59
Q

fungi can induce plant defense response that’s harmful to itself - air bubbles (tyloses) to prevent fungus from spreading

A

autotoxicity

60
Q

stimulate host to produce growth hormones leading to deformities - more to feed on for parasite

A

growth deformity

61
Q

where exclusion, eradication, and avoidance is highly effective

A

facultative saprophytes and obligate parasites

62
Q

where exclusion, eradication, and avoidance isn’t as effective - use protection!

A

facultative parasites

63
Q

microscopic non-segmented round worms

A

nematodes

64
Q

can determine whether it’s parasitic or not (nematodes) - parasitic have these

A

stylets

65
Q

nematode life cycle

A

egg –> 4 juvenile stages –> adult
infection occurs during juvenile 2 stage

Plant Pathology (1 decks)

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