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Organic Chemistry > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

isomerism

A

different compounds having same arrangement of atoms

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2
Q

constitutional isomer

A

atoms connected differently
- same atoms in different order

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3
Q

stereoisomers

A

atoms bonded in same order
- differ only in arrangement of atoms in space

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4
Q

geometric isomers

A

have double bond

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5
Q

cis geometric isomers

A

on same side of double bond

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6
Q

trans geometric isomers

A

on different sides of double bond

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7
Q

can double bonds rotate

A

no

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8
Q

can single bonds rotate

A

yes

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9
Q

________ to have O- because

A

better
- more electronegative

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10
Q

major and minor based on

A

C
- more stable and octet = major

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11
Q

increase electronegative

A

increase dipole

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12
Q

electronegativity increases as

A

go right on table

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13
Q

size of molecule

A
  • dipole moment decrease as get bigger
  • increase as go down
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14
Q

red

A

more electronegative

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15
Q

intermolecular forces

A
  • dipole-dipole
  • hydrogen bonding
  • london dispersion forces
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16
Q

hydrogen bonding

A

FUN only
- OH or NH groups

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17
Q

dipole-dipole

A

attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule

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18
Q

london dispersion

A
  • nonpolar
  • always in mlc
  • temporary dipole moment
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19
Q

greatest surface area

A

increased boiling point

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20
Q

polar dissolves in

A

polar solvent

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21
Q

nonpolar dissolves in

A

nonpolar solvent

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22
Q

ionic

A

polar

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23
Q

hydration

A

releases energy

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24
Q

entropy

A

increases energy

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25
Q

C and N

A

nonpolar

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26
Q

Arrhenius acid

A
  • dissociate in water to give H3O+
  • stronger acids dissociate to a greater degree than weaker acids
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27
Q

acidity

A
  • increases across row and down period
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28
Q

Arrhenius base

A

dissociate in water to give hydroxide ions
- stronger bases dissociate more than weaker bases

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29
Q

bronsted lowry acids

A

donate proton

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30
Q

bronsted lowry base

A

accept proton

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31
Q

Bronsted changes

A

how something dissociates
- NOT PH

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32
Q

conjugate acid

A

adds H

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33
Q

conjugate base

A

lose H

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34
Q

Ka

A

acid-dissociation constant

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35
Q

Kb

A

base-dissociation constant

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36
Q

equilibrium position

A
  • left: reactants
  • right: products
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37
Q

_____ affects acidic and basicity

A
  • solvent
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38
Q

water

A

amphoteric, can react with acid and base

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39
Q

electronegativity and pKa

A

more electronegative element bears negative charge more easily
- give more stable conjugate base and stronger acid

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40
Q

increase electronegativity

A
  • increase weakness of acidic bond
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41
Q

increase acidity

A

increase electronegativity

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42
Q

effect of size on pKa

A
  • size increases, bond weakens, acidity increases
  • increases as you go down table
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43
Q

inductive effects on acidity

A
  • electron-withdrawing atoms and groups can stabilize conjugate base through sigma bonds of the molecule
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44
Q

magnitude of inductive effect

A
  • depends on the number of bonds between electronegativity element and site of negative charge
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45
Q

bigger inductive effect

A

weaker bond
- more electronegative

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46
Q

electron-withdrawing groups

A
  • stabilize the anion of the conjugate base more than weaker groups do, leading to stronger acids
47
Q

how hard H is to get off

A

how inductive donors pull H in the more charged they are

48
Q

hybridization effect on acidity

A
  • diff hybrid states strongly influence acidity
  • stability of base
  • sp3<sp2«sp
  • depends on where lone pairs are
49
Q

order of importance

A

electroneg, inductive, hybridization

50
Q

Lewis acids

A
  • electrophile
  • can accept electrons
51
Q

lewis base

A

nucleophile
- have electrons available to donate and form new bond

52
Q

hydrocarbons

A

compounds composed entirely of carbons and hydrogens

53
Q

alkanes

A

entirely single-bonded

54
Q

cycloalkanes

A
  • alkanes in form of a ring
  • only hydrogen-carbon and C-C
55
Q

Alkenes

A
  • carbon-carbon double bond
56
Q

cycloalkenes

A

rings with C=C

57
Q

Alkynes

A

triple bond between C

58
Q

Aromatic

A

derivatives of benzene

59
Q

functional groups with oxygen

A
  • alcohols
  • ethers
  • aldehydes
  • ketones
  • carboxylic
60
Q

alcohols

A
  • OH off of central C
  • soluble
61
Q

ethers

A
  • 2 alkyl groups bonded to an oxygen
  • O in middle
62
Q

aldehydes

A
  • C double bonded to O, single bonded to H
  • terminal
63
Q

ketones

A
  • not terminal
  • O double bonded by C
  • No H
64
Q

Carboxylic acid

A
  • COOH
  • terminal group, terminal function
65
Q

acid chloride

A
  • CL bonded to central C, double bonded to O
66
Q

Ester

A

O=C-Or

67
Q

amides

A

C-NH2

68
Q

amines

A

NH3
- can have lone pair

69
Q

amides

A

combo of acid with ammonia or amine

70
Q

primary amides

A

c-NH2

71
Q

secondary amides

A

C-NHR

72
Q

tertiary amide

A

C-NR2

73
Q

nitriles

A
  • R-C=-N
  • always terminal function
  • has cyano group
  • strongly polar
  • soluble in water
74
Q

Alkyne halide

A
  • CH2-Cl or Br
  • halogen with carbon chain
75
Q

if linear dipole moment of

A

0

76
Q

methalyn group

A

CH2 group

77
Q

meth

A

1

78
Q

eth

A

2

79
Q

prop

A

3

80
Q

but

A

4

81
Q

pen

A

5

82
Q

hex

A

6

83
Q

hept

A

7

84
Q

oct

A

8

85
Q

non

A

9

86
Q

doc

A

10

87
Q

IUPAC

A

o Find longest (not always linear) chain on carbons with most sub and name with number
o Number longest chain, starting from sub
o Group has lowest number
o Start with sub
o Prefix doesn’t impact alphabetical order

88
Q

substant

A

off of regular chain

89
Q

di

A

1 carbon in sub

90
Q

tri

A

2 C in sub

91
Q

tetra

A

3 C in sub

92
Q

penta

A

5 C in sub

93
Q

Hexa

A

6 C in sub

94
Q

hepta

A

7 C in sub

95
Q

octa

A

8 C in sub

96
Q

nona

A

9 C in sub

97
Q

deca

A

10 C in sub

98
Q

methane

A

tetrahedral

99
Q

boat/twist boat

A

less stable than chair formation

100
Q

only H

A

no cis or trans

101
Q

cyclohexane

A

always chair

102
Q

axial

A

bonds vertical
- want bigger group in axial

103
Q

newman projection

A
  • best way to judge to stability of the different conformations of a molecule
104
Q

newman projection circle

A

back carbon

105
Q

eclipsed

A

more steric strength
- energy highest
- unstable

106
Q

most stable conformation

A

anti
- 180 between methyl groups

107
Q

cyclohexane

A
  • chair conformation and seat
  • want biggest subsequence being the lowest number
108
Q

axial bonds

A

vertically parallel to the axid of the ring

109
Q

equatorial bonds

A

directed outward toward to equator of the molecule
- becomes axial bonds when flipped

110
Q

most stable between axial and equatorial bonds

A
  • biggest subsequence in equatorial
111
Q

dashes

A

away

112
Q

wedges

A

toward

113
Q
A

Organic Chemistry (4 decks)

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