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X Phys > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The director of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory was

A

David Bruce Dill

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2
Q

The European scientist who was awarded a Nobel Piece Prize for his work measuring heat production during muscle contraction and recovery from exercise was

A

Archibald Vivian (A.V.) Hill

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3
Q

The Scandinavian scientist that won the Nobel Piece Prize for his work on the regulation of capillary blood flow to skeletal muscle was

A

August Krogh

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4
Q

The American researcher the performed early pioneering studies on progressive resistance training was

A

Thomas Delorme

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5
Q

The researcher that is considered to be the father of exercise biochemistry and from Wash U in St. Louis Missouri

A

John Holloszy

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6
Q

The outstanding Scandinavian that founded Copenhagen Muscle Research Center was

A

Bengt Saltin

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7
Q

The American researcher that was instrumental in promoting research in exercise molecular biology was

A

Frank Booth

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8
Q

The discovery that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ and releases myokines was made by

A

Bente Pedersen

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9
Q

The University of Minnesota researcher that conducted semi-starvation studies and developed the K-ration for WWII

A

Dr. Ancel Keys

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10
Q

The Harvard University Professor that had guided research into the effects of exercise on browning of white fat cells which may increase resting energy expenditure is

A

Laurie Goodyear

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11
Q

What is a myokine

A

a signal from a muscle

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12
Q

What does ACSM stand for

A

American College of Sports Medicine

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13
Q

When was ACSM founded

A

1954

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14
Q

ACSM mission statement

A

ACSM advances and integrates scientific research to provide educational and practical applications of exercise science and sports medicine.

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15
Q

Equation for work

A

force x distance

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16
Q

Equation for power

A

work/time (rate at which work is being done)

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17
Q

Direct Calorimetry

A

Measurement of heat production as an indication of metabolic rate

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18
Q

Indirect calorimetry

A

Measurement of oxygen consumption as an estimate of resting metabolic rate

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19
Q

equation to calculate VO2 with the metabolic cart

A

VO2 = VE (FiO2-FeO2)

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20
Q

FiO2 constant

A

20.93

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21
Q

What does VE stand for

A

Ventilation

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22
Q

How are we able to estimate kcal expenditure from doing Open Circuit Spirometry?

A

By measuring the amount of O2 consumed

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23
Q

VO2 =

A

Volume of O2 inspired - volume of O2 expired

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24
Q

Percent of CO2 in air

A

.03%

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25
Q

Percent of FiO2 in air

A

20.93%

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26
Q

Percent of N in air

A

79%

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27
Q

What percent of what we breath out is FeO2?

A

19%

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28
Q

Components of the metabolic cart

A
  • Computer
  • Mixing chamber
  • Gas analyzers
  • Heated Pneumotach
  • Two-way breathing valve
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29
Q

Hemodynamic equation for VO2

A

VO2 = Q x a-vO2 diff

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30
Q

What does Q stand for

A

Cardiac Output (stroke volume x Heart Rate)

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31
Q

What does avO2 diff mean

A

Arterial-venous oxygen difference

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32
Q

What does the dot above VO2 and Q stand for

A

Per minute

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33
Q

What does the line above the second small v stand for

A

Mixed venous return

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34
Q

Relative vs absolute VO2

A

Relative - relative to the person’s body weight in mL/kg/min
Absolute - in L/min

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35
Q

Why bother representing VO2 in relative terms?

A

It can give a more accurate representation of fitness level based on a person’s mass

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36
Q

What does MET stand for?

A

Metabolic equivalent

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37
Q

What is the resting value of 1 MET?

A

3.5 mL/kg/min

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38
Q

Running economy

A
  • Oxygen cost of running at a specific speed
  • Lower VO2 at same speed indicates better running economy
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39
Q

Two athletes run at 6mph, one consumed 35 mL/kg/min and the other 45 mL/kg/min. Which one is indicating greater running economy?

A

The one running at 35 Ml/kg/min because he has a lower VO2

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40
Q

Homeostasis

A

Tendency to resist change in order to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment

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41
Q

Who created the terms homeostasis and fight or flight?

A

Walter Cannon

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42
Q

Are steady state and homeostasis the same thing?

A

No, homeostasis means it can change and a steady state means that it does not change

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43
Q

What is hormesis

A

A process in which low-to-moderate doses of a potentially harmful stress results in a beneficial adaptive effect on the cell or organism

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44
Q

What is MAP

A

Mean Arterial Pressure

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45
Q

What is the first MAP equation

A

MAP = Q x TPR

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46
Q

What does TPR stand for?

A

Total peripheral resistance

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47
Q

What is the second MAP equation?

A

MAP - diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

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48
Q

What is pulse pressure

A

systolic - diastolic BP

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49
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis

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50
Q

What does the sensor or receptor of a biological control system do?

A

Detects change in variable

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51
Q

What does the control center of a biological control system do?

A

Assesses input and initiates response

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52
Q

What does the effector of a biological control system do?

A

Changes internal environment back to normal

53
Q

Negative feedback example

A

Thermal receptors send message to temperature control center in brain. Response by skin blood vessels and sweat glads regulates temperature

54
Q

What do cell signaling pathways do?

A
  • Communication between cells using chemical messengers
  • Coordinates cellular activities
  • Important for maintaining homeostasis
55
Q

Intracrine signaling

A

Hormone that acts inside the cell that it came from

56
Q

Juxtacrine signaling

A

Cell signaling that occurs between two adjacent cells

57
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Cell releases a chemical messenger into its extracellular fluid that then acts upon the cell that is came from

58
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Signals produced by cells act locally on nearby cells to bring about cellular responses

59
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Cells release chemical signals into the blood that are carried throughout the body

60
Q

What so heat shock proteins do?

A

Repair damaged proteins in cells

61
Q

Examples of what heat shock proteins have to defend against

A

temp alterations, oxidative stress, glucose/glycogen depletion, altered pH etc…

62
Q

Steps of protein synthesis

A
  1. Exercise activates cell signaling pathways
  2. Activates transcriptional activator molecule
  3. Transcriptional activator binds to gene promoter region
  4. DNA transcribes to mRNA
  5. mRNA leaves nucleus and binds to ribosome
  6. mRNA translated into protein
    This improves the cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis
63
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The total of all cellular reactions and and chemical pathways that result in the synthesis or breakdown of molecules

64
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

The chemical processes involved with the production of cellular ATP

65
Q

Where is the subsarcolemma mitochondria located?

A

Directly beneath the cell membrane

66
Q

Where is the intermyofibrillar mitochondria located?

A

near the myofibril proteins

67
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

Require energy to be added to the reactants (ex: glycolysis)

68
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Release energy (ex: exegetic burning of glucose in cellular respiration is used to make ATP; hydrolysis of ATP

69
Q

Coupled reactions

A

Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives and endergonic reaction

70
Q

Hydrolysis of ATP formula

A

ATP + H2O -ATPase> ADP + Pi + H + energy

71
Q

Synthesis of ATP equation/phosphagen system primary equation

A

CrP + ADP + H - Creatine Kinase > Cr + ATP + H20

72
Q

Oxidation

A

Losing an electron (NADH > NAD+ or Pyruvate to acetyl CoA)

73
Q

Reduction

A

Gaining an electron (NAD+ > NADH or pyruvate to lactate)

74
Q

What does NAD stand for =?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

75
Q

What does FAD stand for?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

76
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

Synthesis of glucose from amino acids, lactate, glycerol, and other short carbon-chain molecules (ex: I can use lactate to produce glucose in the liver)

77
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose (I can break down carbs (glycogen) into glucose)

78
Q

Phosphagen system

A
  • ATP/PC
  • Lasts 6-10 seconds
  • 100 meter dash/anaerobic sports
  • PCr approximately 4 times better reserve than “stored” ATP
79
Q

Phosphagen system secondary equation

A

ADP + ADP -adenylate kinase> ATP + AMP

80
Q

PCr resynthesis

A

Fast component
- Independent of pH
- 20 seconds
- rate controlled by ADP levels
Slow component
- Dependent on pH
- 3-4 minutes
- Return of muscle cell to homeostatic intracellular pH

81
Q

Fast glycolysis

A
  • 2 (glucose) or 3 (glycogen) NET ATP
  • Significant contribution to ATP generation during vigorous exercise
  • End product is lactate
82
Q

Fates of lactate

A
  • Converted to pyruvate by mitochondria for intracellular fuel
  • Cell to cell fuel (Type II to Type I)
  • Cell to distant cell (goes to liver/brain/heart to be converted back k into glucose)
83
Q

Hexokinase

A

Uses an ATP to phosphorylate glucose (1st step: glucose to glucose 6 phosphate)

84
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Breaks down muscle glycogen into glucose 1 phosphate

85
Q

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A
  • Rate limiting enzyme
  • Uses an ATP to convert fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
86
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

A

Enzyme used to convert pyruvate into lactate

87
Q

Slow Glycolysis

A
  • H+ binds to NAD+ and enters into the mitochondria
  • NAD+ does not enter into the mitochondria but is reused to grab more H+
  • if left unattached H+ can reduce pH and affect glycolysis
88
Q

H+ mitochondrial shuttles

A
  • Malate asparte shuttle (cardiac)
  • glycerol phosphate shuttle
    (skeletal muscle)
89
Q

When is H+ released during glycolysis?

A
  • ATP hydrolysis
  • Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (last reaction before splitting)
  • 1,3-Diphosphoglycerate reaction (1st reaction after glycolysis splits into two columns)
90
Q

What happens to H+ in the mitochondria?

A
  • Picked up by FAD+ which forms FADH2
  • It is used in oxidative phosphorylation to form ATP
91
Q

Why is the H+ binding to FADH2 and inefficient exchange?

A

FADH2 only generates 1.5 ATP in the electron transport chain (ETC) while NADH would have generated 2.5 ATP in the ETC

92
Q

Lactate trasport method

A

Carrier protein called monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) are used to diffuse lactate across sarcolemma membrane

93
Q

What is the primary way glucose gets into a cell during exercise?

A

GLUT4

94
Q

Bicarb buffering

A

H+ + HCO3- (bicarb) -> H2CO3(carbonic acid) -> CO2 + H2O

95
Q

What is the name of the VCO2 VO2 graph?

A

V-Slope method of anaerobic threshold determination

96
Q

Why is CO2 a nonlinear increase in the V-Slope method of anaerobic threshold determination graph?

A

The person is working harder so the body is using oxygen to create energy and the CO2 is building in the body as lactic acid is accumulating

97
Q

What happens to the pyruvate molecule in slow glycolysis?

A

It is transported into the mitochondria and oxidized by NAD+ forming acetyl CoA

98
Q

What happens when pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA?

A

CO2 and NADH are formed

99
Q

Main purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A
  • ATP minimal (get 1 GTP which converts into 1 ATP)
  • NADH
  • FADH2
  • CO2 produced
100
Q

What is the common denominator for entry into the TCA?

A

Acetyl CoA

101
Q

What is IDH?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase (rate limiting enzyme in the citric acid cycle)

102
Q

What is CS

A

Citrate synthase (first enzyme used in the citrus acid cycle)

103
Q

What do dehydrogenases do?

A

They catalyze the transfer of a hydrogen and an electron

104
Q

Can the Krebs cycle speed up?

A

Yep, lots

105
Q

First product formed in the TCA?

A

Citric acid from Acetyl CoA

106
Q

Percent O2 in calibration tank in metabolic cart?

A

16%

107
Q

Percent CO2 in calibration tank?

A

4%

108
Q

What is the purpose of the heated pneumotach?

A

Flow sensing device to integrate an airflow into a volume measurement

109
Q

What does ATPS stand for?

A

Ambient Temperature, Pressure, Saturated

110
Q

What does STPD stand for?

A

Standard Temperature, Pressure, Dry

111
Q

If I exercise at an intensity where I consume 1 liter of oxygen per minute, about how many kcal am I burning?

A

5 kcal per minute

112
Q

Assumptions of sub maximal exercise testing

A
  1. There is a linear relationship between HR, oxygen uptake, and workload
  2. The maximum HR at a given age is uniform and that the predicted maximal HR equation is thus accurate (220-age) (about 10-12 bpm error with this)
  3. The mechanical efficiency (cygnet uptake at a given workload) is the same for everyone (likely on bike, could vary on treadmill)
113
Q

What is OBLA?

A

Onset of blood lactate accumulation (where the amount of lactate starts to spike on a graph)

114
Q

Why doesn’t lactate increase linearly as soon as exercise starts?

A

We aren’t reliant on fast glycolysis for our energy system at that point and there is a latency period where the lactate forms in the muscle and it takes time for it to end into the blood stream

115
Q

What level of lactate accumulation might indicate the lactate threshold?

A

The point in the V indicated the lactate threshold

116
Q

Treadmill walking equation

A

VO2 = speed x 0.1 + [(speed x %elevation)x1.8] + 3.5

117
Q

Treadmill running equation

A

VO2 = speed x 0.2 + [(speed x %elevation)x0.9] + 3.5

118
Q

What do the 0.1, 0.2 mean

A

Oxygen cost of horizontal work

119
Q

What do the 1.8, 0.9 mean?

A

Oxygen cost of vertical work

120
Q

What does the 3.5 represent?

A

Resting oxygen consumption/ 1 MET

121
Q

Leg Cycle Ergometer Equation

A

VO2 = (10.8 x watts / mass) + 7

122
Q

What does the 10.8 represent in the cycling equation?

A

IDK

123
Q

What does the 7 represent in the cycling equation?

A

Cost of unloaded cycling is 3.5 and the resting oxygen consumption is 3.5 which added up equals 7

124
Q

What is economy

A

The oxygen requirement for a specific speed/power output
- measured by oxygen uptake
- lower VO2 at same speed indicates better economy

125
Q

What does PPAR-delta do?

A

Regulates important cellular metabolic functions that contribute to maintaining energy balance

126
Q

What is MCT 1?

A
  • Co-transporter of lactate and a proton
  • Found primarily in aerobic muscle (type 1, cardiac muscle)
  • increase as a result of endurance training contributing to lactate oxidation (using it to generate an ATP)
127
Q

Production of lactate

A

Consumes protons from reactions in glycolysis and helps keep glycolysis going

128
Q

MCT 1

A

Found in type I fibers

129
Q

MCT 4

A

Found in type IIfibers and exports lactate and H+ out of the cell

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