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Kinesiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

sagittal plane

A
  • mediolateral axis
    *flexion/extension (some joints)
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2
Q

frontal plane

A

*anteroposterior axis
* abduction/adduction (some joints)

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3
Q

transverse plane

A
  • vertical/longitudinal axis
  • anything rotation
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4
Q

no plane (shoulder girdle movement)

A

*depression
*elevation
*protraction (abduction)
*retraction (adduction)
*upward rotation
*downward rotation

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5
Q

glenohumeral joint

A

*shoulder joint
*flexion/extension (sag)
*ab/ad (front)
*horizontal ab/ad (trans)
* in/ex rotation (trans)

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6
Q

humeroulnar

A

*elbow
*flex/ext (sag)

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7
Q

radioulnar

A

*forearm
*pronation/supination (trans)

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8
Q

radiocarpal

A
  • wrist
    *flex/ext (sag)
    *radial/ulnar deviation (front)
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9
Q

1st carpometacarpal (CMC)

A

*thumb
*ab/ad (sag)
*flex/ext (front)

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10
Q

metacarpophalangeal (MCP)

A

*knuckles
*flex/ex (sag)
*ab/ad (front)

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11
Q

dist/prox interphalangeal (DIP/PIP)

A

*finger joints
*flex/ex (sag)

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12
Q

cervical/lumbar spine

A

*neck/lower back
*flex/ex (sag)
*R/L lateral flexion (sag)
*R/L rotation

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13
Q

coxafemoral

A

*hip
*flex/ex (sag)
*ab/ad (front)
*horizontal ad/ab (trans)
*in/ex rotation (trans)

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14
Q

tibiofemoral

A

*knee
*flex/ex (sag)
*in/ex rotation (trans)

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15
Q

talocrural

A

*ankle
*dorsifelxion/plantarflexion (sag)

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16
Q

subtalar

A

*foot movement
*inversion/eversion (front)

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17
Q

metatarsophalangeal (MTP)

A

*toe
*flex/ext (sag)
*ab/ad (front)

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18
Q

biomechanics

A

study of the mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems

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19
Q

kinematics

A

description of motion and includes consideration of time and space factors of a system’s motion.
EX. positions, angles, speeds, accelerations of joints, body parts or bodies

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20
Q

kinetics

A

study of forces associated with the motion of an object. internal and external

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21
Q

newton’s first law of motion

A

*law of inertia
*a body in motion tends to remain in motion at the same speed in a straight line unless acted upon by a force.

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22
Q

inertia

A

a body’s resistance to change in motion (acceleration or deceleration)

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23
Q

newton’s second law of motion

A

*law of acceleration
*a change in the acceleration of a body occurs in the same direction as the force that caused it.

f = m*a

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24
Q

newton’s third law of motion

A

*law of reaction
*for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction

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25
Q

levers

A

a lever (bar) rotates about an axis as a result of a force being applied to it, to cause its movement against a resistance or weight.

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26
Q

first class lever

A

axis is located between the force and the resistance

FAR

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27
Q

second class lever

A

the resistance is between the axis and the force

FRA

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28
Q

third class lever

A

the force is between the axis and the resistance

AFR

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29
Q

anatomical lever (bone)

A

lever (bar)

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30
Q

anatomical lever (joints)

A

axis

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31
Q

anatomical lever (muscles)

A

force

32
Q

F x FA = R x RA, what is each component?

A

F = force

FA = force arm (the distance between the axis and the force)

R = resistance

RA = (the distance between the axis and resistance)

33
Q

power levers

A
  • FA is always longer than RA

*all 2nd class levers

*least common in the human body!!!

*force exerted FARTHER from axis than resistance

*advantage: LESS force needed to move BIGGER resistance

34
Q

speed/ROM levers

A

*FA always shorter than RA

*all 3rd class levers

*most common in the human body!!!

*advantage: for a given force, speed and ROM is gained distally

*disadvantage: takes much more force to move the lever compared to the resistance

35
Q

bone comp

A
  • calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate (60%-70%)

*collagen - protein

*water (25%-30%)

*other materials: magnesium, sodium ,fluoride

36
Q

cortical bone

A

compact

37
Q

trabecular or cancellous bone

A

porous

38
Q

what does it mean for a bone to be described as anisotropic?

A

the property of any material that acts differently depending on the direction in which a force is applied.

39
Q

stress

A

load applied

40
Q

stress (deformation)

A

change in shape

41
Q

elastic region

A

material will return to its original shape when stress is removed

42
Q

elastic limit

A

point where the material switches from elastic to plastic; point of no return

43
Q

plastic region

A

some permanent deformation will occur, even if the load is removed

44
Q

wolff’s law

A

bone adapts according to stress applied to it

*hypertrophy
*atrophy

45
Q

hypertrophy

A

an increase in bone mass due to increased loading

*physically active individuals have higher bone density than sedentary individuals

46
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in bone mass

47
Q

differences in sexes when it comes to bone density changes with aging

A

WOMEN
Peak bone density: 25-28 years of age

Slow loss of BMD until 50 or menopause

Increased rate of bone loss for 5-8 years triggered by drop in estrogen

MEN
Peak bone density: 30-35 years of age

Reach higher peak bone density

Lose bone density at 2/3 the rate of women

48
Q

female athlete triad

A

disorder eating leads to osteoporosis (nutritional deficiencies & lower body weight) and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation, hormonal disruption due to low body weight)

amenorrhea leads to osteoporosis (estrogen deficiency leads to increased bone resorption)

49
Q

results of female athlete triad

A
  1. decreased bone density
  2. increased rate of stress fractures
  3. bone loss may be irreversible
50
Q

example of wolff’s law

A

bones in a tennis player’s dominant arm may be up to 20% thicker than the bones in their non-dominant arm

51
Q

diarthrodial joint

A

freely movable joints, synovial fluid as main structure component

52
Q

enarthrodial

A

multiaxial ball & socket

3 degrees of freedom

circular movement - motion in all planes including rotation

EX. glenohumeral, coxafemoral

53
Q

arthrodial

A

gliding joint

3 degrees of freedom

2 bony surfaces butt against each other

EX. sternoclavicular, tarsal joints, lumbar spine

54
Q

condyloid

A

ellipsoidal or biaxial ball and socket

2 degrees of freedom

oval shaped condyle fits into oval shape cavity

EX. radiocarpal, 2nd - 5th metacarpophalangeal

55
Q

sellar

A

saddle joint

2 degrees of freedom

reciprocally concave & concave articular surfaces

EX. 1st carpometacarpal

56
Q

ginglymus

A

hinge joint - uniaxial

1 degree of freedom

articulation in only one plane

one bone surface concave, one covex

EX. humeroulnar, talocrural, tibiofemoral

57
Q

trochoidal

A

pivot joint - uniaxial

1 degree of freedom

allows rotation only

EX. radioulnar

58
Q

diarthrodial joint structure components

A

articular cartilage (dense, white connective tissue: shock absorption, reduces friction)

articular fibrocartilage (improves fit between bones, limits bone slip, distributes load)

ligaments

joint capsule (attaches bone to bone, completely encapsulates joint)

59
Q

joint stability and mobility

A

resistance to dislocation and sublaxation

prevention of injury to ligaments, muscles, tendons

60
Q

5 major factors to joint stability and mobility

A
  1. bony architecture
  2. cartilaginous structure
  3. ligamentous and connective tissue laxity
  4. muscle strength, endurance, and flexibility
  5. proprioception and motor control
61
Q

Neuromuscular Response to Stretch - why do we want to stimulate GTOs but not Muscle Spindles?

A

when activated during stretching GTO inhibits muscle spindle activity within the working muscle (agonist) so a deeper stretch can be achieved

62
Q

origin

A

more proximal landmark (vertical) more stable, less moveable landmark, more medial landmark or less stable

63
Q

insertion

A

more distal (vertical)/more lateral (horizontal) landmark

64
Q

action

A

the movements that happen at joints when muscles contract concentrically

65
Q

agonist

A

prime mover at joint, muscles in charge can cause/control or prevent joint motion

66
Q

antagonist

A

located opposite if agonist, muscle allows joint movement to occur

67
Q

stabilizer

A

fixes/stabilizes joint so another can move, establishes firm base to allow muscles to work at distal joints

68
Q

concentric contraction

A

shortening with tension

causing joint motion

accelerating joint/segment

movement against gravity

muscle force matches joint

69
Q

eccentric contraction

A

lengthening with tension

controlling joint motion

decelerating joint/segment

movement with gravity

muscle force opposes motion

70
Q

isometric contraction

A

active muscle force/tension, but no change in joint position

71
Q

how does the nervous system increase or decrease the force produced by our muscles?

A

increase/decrease the # of motor neurons

stronger/weaker stimulus

bigger/smaller motor units

more fast twitch/slow twitch motor units

72
Q

Can you explain the ACTIVE length-tension curve, and based on this curve, identify a body position that would provide maximal force for the muscles involved?

A

maximal ability of a muscle to develop tension/force varies depends upon the length of the muscle during contraction

generates the greatest force when at their resting (ideal) length

73
Q

stretch-shortening cycle

A

muscles generate a more forceful concentric contraction if it is preceded by an eccentric muscle contraction

eccentric stretch prior to concentric contraction

elastic energy is stored AND muscle spindle activated

74
Q

active insufficiency

A

when the muscle becomes shortened to the point that it cannot ACTIVELY generate force

Applies to bi/multi-articular muscles – cant ACTIVELY produce full range of motion at all joints crossed by the muscle.

75
Q

passive insufficiency

A

an opposing muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen & allow movement

A biarticular muscle becomes stretched to the point where it can no longer lengthen & allow movement.

Muscle cannot stretch enough to allow both maximal ROM at both its joints.

76
Q

golgi tendon organs (GTO)

A

found in musculotendinous junction

responds to tension/load on the tissue

causes relaxation

77
Q

muscle spindle

A

embedded among the muscle fibers

sensitive to the amount & rate of stretch

produces tension

myotatic reflex = “stretch” reflex: to stretch a muscle/joint

Kinesiology (3 decks)

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