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Bio- 114 2023 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space & has mass.

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2
Q

Elements

A

Cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

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3
Q

Compound

A

2 or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.
­e.g.: Na + Cl NaCl (table salt)

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4
Q

4 elements that make up 96% of living matter

A

Carbon - C
* Oxygen - O
* Hydrogen - H
* Nitrogen – N (often limiting in plants)

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5
Q

CHNOPS

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur

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6
Q

Atoms

A

the smallest unit having the properties of an element

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7
Q

Composition of atoms

A

in the nucleus there is protons and neutrons. Protons- positively charged
neutrons- no charge
Electrons- (negatively charge) orbit nucleus in electron cloud

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8
Q

Atomic number vs. Atomic mass

A

Atomic number = number of protons
­ Atomic mass = number of protons + neutrons

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9
Q

Isotopes

A

different atomic forms of same element. Same number of protons BUT different numbers of neutrons.

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10
Q

Electrons energy levels

A

Lowest energy: shell closest to the nucleus.
­ Electron can absorb energy, “bumping” electron into a higher shell.
­ Electron will then give up energy by “falling” back to its original level/shell.

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11
Q

Electron shells

A

1st shell holds 2 electrons (1s orbital)
­ 2nd shell holds 8 electrons (2s + 2p orbitals)
­ 3rd shell holds 8 electrons (2s + 2p orbitals)

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12
Q

Valence electrons and valence shell

A

electrons located in the valence shell (the outermost shell).

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13
Q

Chemical bonds

A

The exchanging and sharing of electrons between atoms.

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14
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons between 2 atoms

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15
Q

Electronegativity

A

affinity for electrons, an inherent property of each type of atom. Electronegativity increases bottom to top in a column and left to right in a row.

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16
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

occur between elements with different electronegativity. Water molecule.

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17
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

occurs between elements that have the same electronegativity. Much weaker than covalent bonds.

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18
Q

Ionic bonds

A

attraction that occurs between oppositely charged ions. One atom actually strips an electron completely away from its partner because their electronegativity is so different

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19
Q

Cation

A

Positive charge ion

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20
Q

anion

A

Negative charge ion

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21
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

The attraction between a partial positive and partial
negative is a hydrogen bond.

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22
Q

Van Der Waals

A

a weak attraction when atoms are so close that outer electron shells barely touch…Hot spots of + or - charge

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23
Q

Cohesion

A

Hydrogen bonds cause water molecules to stay close to each other

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24
Q

Surface tension

A

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

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25
Q

Adhesion

A

Clinging of one substance to another

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26
Q

Temperature

A

the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter, regardless of the volume.

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27
Q

Specific heat

A

the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change temperature 1oC.

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28
Q

Heat of Vaporization (HoV)

A

Energy needed to go from liquid to a gas

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29
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent of a solution (water)

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30
Q

Solution

A

a liquid that is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances (salt water)

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31
Q

Solute

A

the substance that is dissolved (salt)

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32
Q

Aqueous solution

A

water is the solvent.

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33
Q

pH of 0-6

A

Acidic

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34
Q

pH of 8-14

A

basic

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35
Q

water pH

A

7

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36
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

HYDROCARBONS ARE NOT PREVALENT IN LIVING ORGANISM.

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37
Q

Isomers

A

COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE THE SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURES AND DIFFERENT PROPERTIES.

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38
Q

Structural Isomers

A

DIFFER IN THE COVALENT ARRANGEMENTS OF THEIR ATOMS. (Pentane and 2-methylbutane)

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39
Q

Enantiomers

A

Molecules that are mirror images of each other but aren’t the same.

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40
Q

geometric Isomers

A

ALL HAVE THE SAME COVALENT PARTNERSHIPS BUT THEY DIFFER IN THEIR SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS

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41
Q

Cis-

A

on the same side

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42
Q

Trans-

A

on opposite sides

43
Q

7 functional groups

A

Hydroxyl- polar covalent, end in OL
Carbonyl- end of carbon skeleton
carboxyl- found in carboxylic acids.
amino- acts as a base since It can accept H+, part of all amino acids.
sulfhydryl- Helps stabilize the structure of some proteins
phosphate- valence of phosphorus=5, ATP, -OH ionizes to -O
methyl- not reactive like 1-6,

44
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A bond forms between 2 monomers

45
Q

Hydrolysis

A

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

46
Q

Carboydrates

A

Sugars, -ose endings, Monosaccharides (3-7 carbons.
* Disaccharides (double sugars- 2 monosaccharides) * Polysaccharides (polymers of many sugars)

47
Q

Chitin

A

Used to build insects exoskeletons

48
Q

Splenda

A

zero-calorie sugar substitute

49
Q

Lipids

A

Large molecules constructed from 2 kinds of smaller molecules. Hydrophobic compounds. NONPOLAR

50
Q

Fats

A

Triacylglycerol or Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol. Can vary in length

51
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

No double bonds between carbon atoms composing tail - there are as many H as possible bonded to the carbon skeleton. together tightly. (high melting point)

52
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Have one or more double bonds in the tail. Number and locations of double bonds can vary. Kinked tails don’t pack as tightly. (low melting point)

53
Q

Phospholipids

A

Major component of cell membranes. Not energy storage. At the surface of a cell, phospholipids are arranged in a double layer (lipid bilayer).

54
Q

Phospholipids in cells

A

The tails point toward the interior of the membrane, away from the aqueous solution (water).

55
Q

HDL (high density lipoprotein)

A

good cholesterol

56
Q

LDL (low density lipoprotein)

A

bad cholesterol

57
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions

58
Q

Defensive protein

A

protection against disease

59
Q

storage protein

A

storage of amino acids

60
Q

transport protein

A

transpiration of substances

61
Q

r group

A

the side chain
determines the unique
characteristics of the
particular amino acid

62
Q

MVLLITTPH

A

Methionine
* Valine
* Leucine
* Lysine
* Isoleucine
* Tryptophan
* Threonine
* Phenylalanine
* Histidine (Human infants)
Mid Valley Little League is taking the Plate Home

63
Q

polypeptides

A

A polypeptide is a strand of amino acids covalently bonded to each other. They fold.

64
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) allow living organisms to reproduce from one generation to the next.

65
Q

Nucleotide

A

the monomer of nucleic acids.

66
Q

Primary Structure

A

comprised of a linear chain of amino acids. Unique sequence of amino acids.

67
Q

Secondary Structure

A

The folding of a polypeptide chain due to hydrogen bonds. contains regions of amino acid chains that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the polypeptide backbone.

68
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Chemical interactions between parts of the polypeptide determines how the protein folds.

69
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Interaction of more than one polypeptide chain. the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement

70
Q

Hydrophobic interactions

A

nonpolar side chains usually cluster at the core of the protein

71
Q

Denaturation

A

Proteins structure can be altered. by numerous conditions: environmental such as TEMP and pH

72
Q

Why do cells have a large surface era?

A
  • Cells are sites of a lot of chemical activity
  • Cells rely on the passage of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes into and out of its cytoplasm through the plasma membrane
  • Cells can only increase in size to a certain extent
  • The rate substances are taken into and removed from the cell depends on surface area
  • If cells were big, portions of it would not receive adequate nutrients or waste would build up
73
Q

plasma membrane

A

barrier to passage of most molecules. Selective, regulated permeability.

74
Q

Cytosol

A

semifluid jellylike substance
inside the plasma membrane.

75
Q

Chromosomes

A

carry genes in the form of DNA

76
Q

Ribosomes

A

complexes that make proteins

77
Q

Prokaryotes

A

-Generally smaller than Eukaryotes
-DNA concentrated in Nucleoid
-lacks membrane enclosed organelles
“pre kernel”-DNA is concentrated in a nonmembrane bound region.
- Domains= Bacteria and Archaea
- “True” bacteria, blue-green alga

78
Q

Eukaryotes

A

“true kernel.” DNA is in a membrane bound nucleus
- “kernel” = nucleus
- Domain Eukarya = animals, plants,
fungi, true algae, protists.

79
Q

Plant vs. Animal cells

A

Most organelles and structures are found in both plant and animal cells
Animal cells have the following organelles that plant cells do NOT have
* Lysosomes * Centrioles * Flagella
Plant cells have the following organelles that animal cells do NOT have
* Chloroplasts
* Central vacuole
* Cell wall with plasmodesmata

80
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of the genes in eukaryotic cells.

81
Q

Chromatin

A

the complex of DNA associated with its proteins (histones).

82
Q

vesicles

A

small membrane “sac” used to carry proteins from one organelle to another

83
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

-Endoplasmic = cytoplasm; reticulum= network (Latin)
-A membranous network within the cytoplasm
-Consists of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae
-The ER membrane separates its internal compartment (lumen) from the cytosol.
-The ER is continuous with the nuclear envelope
-2 types of ER- smooth and rough

84
Q

Smooth ER

A

Cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes

85
Q
A
86
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Functions like a warehouse; receiving, sorting, shipping and some manufacturing

87
Q

Lysosomes

A

An acidic membrane- enclosed bag of hydrolytic enzymes. Cells use lysosomes to digest macromolecules and parts of damaged cells.

88
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Process of engulfing food particles

89
Q

Autophagy

A

Recycling the cell’s own organic material

90
Q

Vacuoles

A

Membrane-bound sacs within the cell that are larger than vesicles.

91
Q

Mitochondria

A

Convert energy to forms the cell can use. Sites of cellular respiration - a process that generates ATP.

92
Q

Chloroplast

A

Specialized members of a family of plant organelles called plastids. (Responsible for Photosynthesis)

93
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

“Skeleton” and “muscles” of the cell. Necessary for strength, rigidity, force and/or motility.

94
Q

Motility

A

Allows cells to move other proteins around

95
Q

Microtubules

A

Straight,hollowrods composed of tubulin. MTOC- Microtubule
Organizing Center

96
Q

Centrosomes and centrioles

A

In animal cells, microtubules grow out from centrosomes (located near nucleus). Before an animal cell divides, the centrioles replicate.

97
Q

Cilia and Flagella

A

These are extensions from some cells. Bending results from microtubules sliding past each other, driven by motor protein dynein.

98
Q

Microfilaments

A

Composition: rod composed of globular protein actin.
Motor- Myosin
Microfilament functions:
-Reinforce microvilli
-Amoeboid movement
-Cytoplasmic streaming
-Muscle contraction

99
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Composition: rope-like filaments composed of fibrous proteins.
Function is strictly structural
No motors

100
Q

Cell walls

A

Only found in plants, fungi, some protists, and prokaryotes

101
Q

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

A

Structure: interlocked extracellular fibers made of proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, etc.
Most abundant glycoprotein is collagen Collagen forms strong fibers outside the
cells
1/2 total protein in human body is collagen

102
Q

Tight Junctions

A

barrier to passage of fluid between adjacent cells.

103
Q

Desmosomes

A

mechanical
cell-cell attachments

104
Q

gap junctions

A

cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent cells, passage of molecules

Bio- 114 2023 (1 decks)

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