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Planet Earth Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

astronomical unit

A

earth-moon distance

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2
Q

Nebula

A

interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other gasses

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3
Q

Nebular Theory

A

How galaxies are formed, explains why the solar system is spinning in a direction that makes sense and in a plane, and the observed distrobution of elements

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4
Q

accretionary disk

A

central ball of matter surrounded by rings, early galaxy

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5
Q

protostar

A

when the ball in the accretionary disk gets hot enough to glow

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6
Q

star

A

when nuclear fusion happens in a protostar, making it an element factory

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7
Q

volatile elements

A

elements with a low melting point

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8
Q

white dwarf

A

when a star runs out of hydrogen

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9
Q

supernova

A

when a star is massive enoug to combine electrons and protons into neutrons, causing it to collapse in on itself and explode, creating leements heavier than iron, and forms a nebula

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10
Q

oort cloud

A

inner edge of weak gravitaional pull from the sun

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11
Q

kuiper belt

A

diffuse ring of icy objects and comets

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12
Q

heliosphere

A

furthest reach of solar wind particles

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13
Q

refractory elements

A

condense at a relatively low temperature

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14
Q

planet

A

must orbit a star, be roughly spherical in shape, clear its neighborhood of other objects

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15
Q

terrestrial planets

A

rocky plannets with silicates around an iron core

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16
Q

gas giants

A

made of hydrogen and its compounds

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17
Q

Asteroid belt

A

failed planet from jupiters gravity

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18
Q

asteroids

A

rocky or metallic objects that orbit the sun

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19
Q

meteorites

A

stony, iron, stony-iron asteroids

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20
Q

chondrules

A

rounded pieces of rock, first solid material to condense within the solar nebula and have remained unchanged

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21
Q

carbonaceous chondrites

A

rapidly melted and cooled rock in space with black organic matter. Aliens?

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22
Q

comet

A

has a tail and a head, is a rock flying in space

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23
Q

anorthosites

A

bright highland areas on the moon

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24
Q

maria

A

smooth dark areas of basalt lava on the moon

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25
Q

Big bang theory

A

the universe is expanding (remember the doppler effect)

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26
Q

interplanetary vs interstellar space

A

interplanetary is denser

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27
Q

Solar wind

A

protons and electrons emitted from the sun

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28
Q

earths dipole magnet

A

protects the earth from solar wind

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29
Q

magnetosphere

A

area inside earths magnetic shield

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30
Q

Van allen Belts

A

belts of solar wind particles and cosmic rays that protect earth from solar wind via magnetism

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31
Q

aurorae

A

when particles that penetrate van allen belts are channeled along magnetic field lines and interact with gas atoms of upper atmosphere and make it glow

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32
Q

earths atmosphere is mostly

A

nitrogen

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33
Q

troposphere

A

where weather occurrs becuase of cold air sinking , dense air replacing warm

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34
Q

stratosphere

A

above the troposphere, no convection mixing occurs, where the ozone is, temperature is increasing

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35
Q

mesosphere

A

above the stratosphere, temperatures steadily decrease

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36
Q

thermosphere

A

outermost layer

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37
Q

atmosphere

A

gaseous envelope of the earth

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38
Q

hydrosphere

A

all liquid water on earth

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39
Q

cryosphere

A

all ice and snow on earth

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40
Q

biosphere

A

all living organisms on earth

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41
Q

lithosphere

A

the solid earth (rocks), crust and uppermost mantle

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42
Q

Earth System

A

combination of atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, lithosphere

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43
Q

habitable zone

A

earths distance from the sun that allows there to be liquid water on earth

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44
Q

hypsometric curve

A

plots surface elevation against the percent of the earths surface it takes up (most of earths area is not high elevation mountains, its mostly undersea abysmal plains)

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45
Q

composition of solid earth

A

mostly iron, oxygen, silicon, and magnesium

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46
Q

organic chemicals

A

chemicals that have carbon in them and occur in living organisms or have characteristics that resemble those in living organisms

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47
Q

minerals

A

solid, naturally occurring substance in which the atoms are arranged in an orderly manner

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48
Q

crystal

A

mineral with a smooth flat face

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49
Q

grain

A

crystal fragment

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50
Q

glass

A

solid in which atoms are arranged randomlyo

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51
Q

rocks

A

aggregates of minerals, crystals, or grains (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic)

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52
Q

metals

A

earth solids composed of metal atoms that allow electrons to flow freely

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53
Q

melt

A

molten material

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54
Q

magma

A

liquid rock and dissolved gasses

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55
Q

lava

A

liquid rock without the dissolved gas

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56
Q

silicate minerals

A

contain solicon and oxygen

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57
Q

geothermal gradient

A

temperature increases as you go down to the core, heat is from kinetic energy and radioactive decay

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58
Q

Earths crust composition

A

mostly silicon and oxygen

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59
Q

moho

A

the discontinuity where seismic waves abruptly change velocity due to a change in density between crust and upper mantle

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60
Q

liquid outer core

A

s waves do not travel through this region, is responsible for earths magnetic field

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61
Q

solid inner core

A

is the hottest but solid due to intense pressure

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62
Q

evidence for continental drift

A

locations of past glaicers, fit of continents

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63
Q

terminal moraine

A

line of a big glaicer that once connected the continents, paleoclimatic belts, similarity of fossils, matching rock units,

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64
Q

plate tectonics

A

earths lithospheric plates

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65
Q

paleoclimatic belts

A

where certain climates used to be in the past, supports the idea of moving tectonic plates

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66
Q

paleomagnetism

A

magnetic igneous rocks crystallize and align with magnetic field at time of crystalization, tells us where the rock was, and where the magnetic field was pointing at the time

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67
Q

wandering north pole

A

it moves!

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68
Q

magnetic inclination

A

when the compace points in the z direction from the magnetic field

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69
Q

magnetic declination

A

the compass pointing to a different north relative to true geographic north

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70
Q

passive margins

A

tectonic plate margins that are geologically quiet with no major earthquackes or volcanoes

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71
Q

abyssal plain

A

flat seafloor in deep water beyond the continental slope (flattest place on earth

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72
Q

pelagic sediment

A

settles slowly through the ocean water and is made up of fine grained clay and skeletons of microorganisms

73
Q

mid ocean ridge

A

submarine mountain range where new mantle is pumped out, creating new earth!

74
Q

deep ocean trenches

A

lie at margins of oceans bordering volcanic arcs

75
Q

subduction zones

A

where two tectonic plates meet and the denser one descends into the mantle

76
Q

seamount chains

A

mountain ranges created by hotspots in the ocean

77
Q

oceanic crust composition

A

basalt and gabbro

78
Q

location of earthquakes

A

mid ocean ridges and margins of ocean basins

79
Q

benioff zone

A

where the earthquakes are, caused by a subducting plate frictioning with the plate that won

80
Q

fracture zone

A

places where mid ocean ridges are moving in the same direction even though theyre split

81
Q

transform faults

A

places where the mid ocean ridge is split but the two pieces are moving in opposite directions, causing friction earthquackes

82
Q

magnetic anomaly

A

paleomagnetic way of seeing where new crust is created ( the mid ocean ridges) bc the expected magnetic reading differs from the actual one, showing a change in where the pole was

83
Q

speed of mid ocean ridge growth

A

1cm/year

84
Q

Harry hess

A

proposed seafloor spreading and subduction

85
Q

alfred wegener

A

proposed continental drift

86
Q

asthenosphere

A

soft and a little flowy, under the lithosphere

87
Q

divergent plate oundary

A

mid ocean ridge with active volcanism and shallow earthquackes (where plates are diverging) Pillow bassalt accumulates from the new laval cooling in the ocean, have

88
Q

sheeted dikes

A

places where melt cools in a quick way and it splits into polygons

89
Q

black smoker

A

chemical soup spewing in the oceans

90
Q

convergent plate boundary

A

two tectonic plates crashing together

91
Q

volcanic arc

A

the volcanoes that happen right next to active tectonic plate boundaries because of subduction that causes friction melting more of the mantle that rises into a volcano

92
Q

accretionary prism

A

piling up of sediment scraped off the downgoin plate

93
Q

transform plate boundary

A

when ridge segments split orthogonal to the ridge

94
Q

triple junction

A

when three plates are coming together (related to transform plate boundaries

95
Q

hot spots

A

its a hot spot it makes volcanoes like hawaii and hot springs

96
Q

rifting

A

continential rifting creates new tectonic plates

97
Q

biogenic mineralization

A

minerals formed by living organisms like clams

98
Q

Crystal structure

A

the way the atoms are arranged in a chrystal

99
Q

bond direction

A

if bonds form more easily in one direction, the crystal will grow faster in that direction

100
Q

ways crystals are formed

A

solidification of melt, precipitation, biomineralization, diffusion

101
Q

ore

A

minerals extracted for economic reasons

102
Q

euhedral crystals

A

good nice crystal faces

103
Q

anhedral crystals

A

when crystals are so crowded they dont have pretty faces

104
Q

mineral identifiers

A

color, streak, luster, hardness, specific gravity, crystal habit, cleaage, reaction to acid, fracture tendency

105
Q

mohs hardness scale

A

a measure of hardness

106
Q

habit

A

the general shape of a crystal

107
Q

chonchoidal fractures

A

means no cleavage

108
Q

striations

A

little lines on the side of a mineral

109
Q

gemstone

A

rare mineral of value

110
Q

gem

A

a cut gemstone

111
Q

decompression melting

A

happens at mantle plumes, continental rifts, and divergent plate boundaries

112
Q

flux melting

A

in a subduction zone volatiles subducting help create a melt

113
Q

felsic melts

A

high silica content, melt first/easily

114
Q

mafic melts

A

high magnesium and iron oxide content, less viscouous

115
Q

assimilation

A

when molten rock mixes with the rock on the sides of the chamber it melts

116
Q

interlocking texture

A

slower cooling because it found the time to make crystals

117
Q

phaneritic

A

coarse grains tahat can be seen with the naked eye

118
Q

aphanitic

A

fine frained (need a hand lens or microscope to see the grains)

119
Q

fragmental

A

welded/cemented volcanic fragments

120
Q

porphyritic

A

big and little chuncksmelt that cooled in tw ways- slow then fast

121
Q

pyroclastic flow

A

avalanche of superheated volcanic ash and debris from silica rich eruptions

122
Q

sill

A

cooled laval chambers that are horizontal

123
Q

dike

A

a vertical sill

124
Q

laccolith

A

maga that cannot spread laterally so it accumulates into a lil blister

125
Q

plutons

A

blob shaped intrusions that solidify into magma chambers

126
Q

batholith

A

group of plutons that covers a large area

127
Q

basaltic lavas

A

runny (low viscosity

128
Q

felsic lavas

A

high viscosity lavaa

129
Q

andesite la

A

intermediately viscuous laval

130
Q

conduit

A

lava tubes of basaltic lava

131
Q

pahoehoe

A

basalt flows with glassy ropy texture

132
Q

a’a

A

basalt that solidifies with a jagged sharp texture

133
Q

columnar jointing

A

when rocks cool and break a part in vertical polygonal columns

134
Q

pillow basalts1

A

shes blobby

135
Q

andesitic lava flows

A

its blocky and viscuous lava

136
Q

rhyolitic lava flows

A

lava plugs up the lava hole and makes a dome

137
Q

rhyolitic eruption

A

explosive because of how viscuous it is with all the volatiles in it

138
Q

plinian explosion

A

eruption with a huge explosion of pyroclastic debris into the atmosphere, often so explosive they destroy a part of the stratovolcano that created them

139
Q

basaltic eruption

A

yields dramatic lava fountains that spew tons of released gases, ejecting clot of molten magma that solidify into bombs, hair, and blocks

140
Q

tephra

A

pyroclastic debris of any size

141
Q

tuff

A

lithified ash

142
Q

ignimbrite

A

tuff that is deposited while still hot

143
Q

lahar

A

water rich debris flows carrying ash and large blocks

144
Q

vesicles

A

gas bubbles in rocks

145
Q

crater

A

the blip at the top of the volcano

146
Q

caldera

A

huge ass crater after a giant fissuring eruption

147
Q

shield volcanoes

A

broad and slightly dome shaped volcano

148
Q

cinder cone

A

cone shaped piles of ejected lapilli sized fragments

149
Q

stratovolcanoes/composite volcanoes

A

cone shaped volcanoes with steep slopes made of alternating layers of felsic lava, tephra, and debris

150
Q

effusive eruption

A

when there is rivers of lava

151
Q

explosive eruption

A

when high gas pressures are released catastrophically

152
Q

strombolian

A

regular burps of magma

153
Q

vulcanian

A

moderate sized explosive eruption

154
Q

surtseyan eruption

A

a vent that erupts in shallow water

155
Q

olympus mons

A

biggset volcano ever on mars

156
Q

clastic rocks

A

rocks whose grains are held together by a cement

157
Q

stone

A

rock used as a construction material

158
Q

lithification

A

pieces of minerals coming together with cement or pressure to become rocks, filling in the space between grains

159
Q

outcrops

A

bedrock exposed at the surface in situ

160
Q

igneuous rocks

A

formed by solidification of maga

161
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

formed by the cementing together of fragments of pre-existing rocks or precipitation of crystals out of water

162
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

formed by transformation in the solid state of pre-existing rocks by a change in temp or pressure

163
Q

equant

A

crystal grains that are vaguely circular

164
Q

inequant

A

crystal grains that are long and skinny

165
Q

intrusive igneous rocks

A

cools slowly because the magma crystallizes below the surface

166
Q

extrustive igneous rocks

A

cool very quickly, so it has lots of tiny crystals

167
Q

erosion

A

happens because of wind, ice, gravity and water

168
Q

joints

A

cracks in rock due to removal of over burden or due to cooling

169
Q

exfoliation

A

pressure release caused by unroofing of deep seated rocks by erosion

170
Q

O soil horizon

A

layer of soil with organic materials

171
Q

A soil horizon

A

layer of soil that groundwater percolates down and removes soluables

172
Q

E soil horizon

A

transition between a and b horizons

173
Q

B horizon

A

zone of accumulation of materaial leached down from A

174
Q

C horizon

A

mixture of soil and bedrock

175
Q

aridisol

A

soil found in the desert, is dry

176
Q

alfisol

A

soil found in temperate climates

177
Q

oxisol

A

soil found in tropical climates

178
Q

hardpan

A

layer of soil in deserts that is difficult to drill through,

Planet Earth Exam 1 (1 decks)

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