Exam 1 Flashcards
Cognitive Psychology
How we process information.
Metacognition
The feeling of knowing of your own cognitive process.
Interleaving
Studying by mixing different practice methods to strengthen long-term memory of the material.
Accurate Metacognition
Six Methods: Spaced Learning, Retrieval Practice, Deep and Ellabroative Processing, Focoused Learning, Transfer-Appropriate Processing, and Time Management.
Spaced Learning
The process of spacing your studying and learning over time to stregthen long-term memory.
Retrieval Practice
The process of trying to recall information without having it in front of you.
Deep and Ellaborative Processing.
Creating more meaningful connections to the information you are trying to learn.
Focused Learning
Learning without competing with distractions.
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
Studying and Encoding methods that match the retrieval process.
The Modal Model
A model that propsed that memory is made up of three sections: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
Sensory Memory
Memory that is triggered by a stimulus and is only stored as long as the stimulus continues.
Echoic Memeory
Sensory memory that is auditory.
Iconic Memory
Sensory memory that is visual.
The Serial Position Effect
The tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst.
Primacy Effect
The tendency of a person to remeber the first few items in a list due to full attention given to the items which encodes them into long-term memory.
Recency Effect
The tendency of a person to remeber the last few items in a list due to them being recent and still stored in the working memory.
Chunking
The act of combining groups of letters or numbers together in an effort to memorize more. Ex: Letters F I G C A B T R Y can be chunked as FIG CAB TRY.
Baddeley’s Multicomponent Model of Working Memory
The model that replaced short-term memory with working memory and established a deeper connection between working memory and long-term memory.
The Phonological Loop
The component of working memory that deals with auditory information.
The Visuospatial Sketchpad
Our ability to temporarily hold visual and spatial information.
The Episodic Buffer
A component of working memory that combines the information from the other components and manages them into a coherent sequence.
The Central Executive
The component of working memory that monitors incoming data, makes decisions, and allocates the systems to tasks.
Operation Span
Complex tasks that interleave a memory task (such as memorizing words) with a secondary task (such as solving math problems).
Pegword Method
A mnemonic technique that involves creating mental associations with items meant to be remembered and items that are already associated with numbers. Example: Two is shoe, Oprah’s shoes, we remember Oprah.
Method of Loci
The mnemonic method that creates a mental association with items to be remebered and a visualization of a pre-determined location.
Retrieval Cues
Aspects of an individuals phsysical and cognitive enviorment that aid the retrieval of information.
Desireable Level of Difficulty.
Quite challemging without it being too much to handle.
Working Memory
A part of the cognitive system that can hold onto a limited amount of information for a limited time that is easily accessible.
Long-Term Memory
A part of the cognitive system that can hold onto an infinite amount of information for an infinite amount of time, but it is not easily accessible.
Encoding Specificity
When an individual’s recall is enhanced when the conditions an individual learns in matches the conditions in which they recall in. Drunk Experiement
Encoding Variabiltity
The process of interlesving types of encoding processes in order to account for variability in the recall process.
Context Dependent Learning
A stronger recall in the same environment in which the original memory was formed. Diver Experiement
Forgetting Curve
The model that shows the amount of forgetting a person experiences over time. A rabid decrease in memory at the beginning, evening out in the middle, and then a slow decrease towards the end as time goes on.
