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Biopsychology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is made up of the ___

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

The CNS ____

A

controls and mediates behavior

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3
Q

The PNS is made up of the ____

A

somatic, autonomic, and enteric systems

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4
Q

The somatic system ___

A

controls the cranial and spinal nerves

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5
Q

The autonamic system ___

A

controls organs and glands, parasympathetic and sympathetic

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6
Q

The enteric system ___

A

controls the gut

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7
Q

Ramon y Cajal discovered that

A

neurons don’t actually touch

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8
Q

Synapses are mostly formed as ___

A

babies and toddlers

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9
Q

Nissyl Staining reveals

A

cell bodies

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10
Q

Golgi staining reveals

A

cell bodies + dendrites

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11
Q

Electron Microscope reveals

A

individual neurons

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12
Q

Multi-photon microscope reveals

A

detailed images

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13
Q

Glial cells are the ___ of the brain

A

glue

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14
Q

Ependymal Cell

A

makes the spinal fluid

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15
Q

Astrocyte

A

blood brain barrier so toxic substances don’t enter

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16
Q

Micro glial cells

A

clear waste from the brain

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17
Q

Oligiodendrocytes

A

make up mylein sheath in CNS

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18
Q

Schwannn cells

A

make up myelin sheath in PNS

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19
Q

Neurons talk to each other via ___

A

electrochemical transmission

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20
Q

what are oscilloscopes used to study

A

electrochemical signals and resting potential

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21
Q

what happens in the depolarization phase

A

Na+ rushes in and K+ channels open and K+ leaves but slowly

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22
Q

what happens in the repolarization phase

A

K+ continues to leave to restore membrane potential

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23
Q

When is there an absolute refractory phase

A

depolarization and repolarization

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24
Q

when is there a relative refractory phase

A

hyperpolarization

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25
Q

Step 1 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter

A

Synthesized from precursor

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26
Q

Step 2 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter

A

Transported to axon terminal if needed

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27
Q

Step 3 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter

A

Packaged into vesicles

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28
Q

Step 4 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter

A

released via exocytosis after action potential

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29
Q

pros of gap functions (electrical synapse)

A

fast, bidirectional, does not require a lot of energy

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30
Q

con of gap functions (electrical synapse)

A

no mechanism for plasticity

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31
Q

pro of chemical synapses

A

plasticity

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32
Q

con of chemical synapses

A

slow, requires energy and neurotransmitters

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33
Q

Synapses are the site for ___

A

neural basis of learning

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34
Q

are inotropic or metabotropic receptors quicker

A

inotrpic

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35
Q

2 types of Hebbian Learning

A

habituation and sensitization

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36
Q

Hebbian Learning

A

connections between a pre and post synaptic neuron will be strengthened following coordinated activity and weakened during uncoordinated activity

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37
Q

Sensitization definition

A

neurons become more responsive to stimuli with repeated stimulation

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38
Q

How does sensitization work?

A

repeated stimulus because cAMP causes K+ channels to be less active which causes a longer action potential so more Ca2+ enters the cell during the long depolarization phase so more vesicles of neurotransmitters are released into the synapse which results in larger EPSPs

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39
Q

Habituation definition

A

neurons become less responsive to stimuli with repeated stimulation

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40
Q

How does habituation work?

A

repeated stimulus means less Ca2+ is around so less Ca2+ enters the cell, so less neurotransmitters are released into the synapse which results in smaller EPSPs

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41
Q

non associative learning

A

learning that does not require stimuli association or pairing

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42
Q

3 categories of neurotransmitters

A

Large Neuropeptides, small molecules, and lipids

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43
Q

Example of a large neuropeptide

A

opiods

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44
Q

example of lipids

A

endocannabinoids

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45
Q

3 categories of small molecules

A

Amino acids, amines, acetylcholine

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46
Q

2 amino acids

A

glutamate and GABA

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47
Q

2 categories of amines

A

catecholamines and Seratonin

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48
Q

3 catecholamines

A

dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine

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49
Q

Glutamate Features

A

excitatory and involved in learning and memory

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50
Q

Death Mechanism of Glutamate

A

Glial Uptake

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51
Q

Too much Glutamate causes

A

excitotoxicity which leads to loss of neural function and cell death

52
Q

Features of GABA

A

inhibitory and receptors are ligand gated Cl- channels

53
Q

Death Mechanism of GABA

A

Glial Uptake

54
Q

Epilepsy drugs target ___

55
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh) features

A

made from food, converted with enzymes, and especially present for when neurons meet muscles

56
Q

Death Mechansim of ACh

A

enzymatic breakdown

57
Q

What happens if ACh is inhibited

A

muscles continuously contract until you die

58
Q

Dopamine (DA) features

A

excitatory and inhibitory, involved in everything

59
Q

Death Mechanism of DA

A

reuptake + enzymatic breakdown

60
Q

Norepinephrine (NE) features

A

invovled in sleep, arousal, alertness

61
Q

Death Mechanism of NE

A

reuptake + enzymatic breakdown

62
Q

Epinephrine (EP) features

A

fight or flight

63
Q

Death Mechanism of EP

A

reuptake + enzymatic breakdown

64
Q

Seratonin (5HT) features

A

mood, aggression, respiration, appetite

65
Q

Death Mechanism of 5HT

A

reuptake + enzymatic breakdown

66
Q

Order that the Catecholamines were formed

A

Dopamine –> norepinephrine –> epinephrine

67
Q

gray matter

A

anything not myelinated

68
Q

white matter

A

mylenated axons

69
Q

Neocortex

A

newest part with 6 layers

70
Q

Allocortex

A

the older and more inner part of the brain with only 3-4 layers

71
Q

What lobe is the precentral gyrus in

72
Q

What lobe is the postcentral gyrus in

73
Q

4 functions of Frontal lobe

A

executive functioning, decision making, planned motor movements, integration

74
Q

3 functions of Parietal Lobe

A

somatosensory information, attention, spatial information

75
Q

Occipital lobe function

76
Q

3 Functions of Temporal Lobe

A

hearing, language, and memory

77
Q

Function of Insula

A

emotion (integration of emotion and cognition)

78
Q

What 2 lobes does the central sulcus separate?

A

Frontal and Parietal

79
Q

What 2 lobes does the lateral sulcus/sylvian fissure separate?

A

Frontal and Temporal

80
Q

What does the interhemispheric/longitudinal fissure separate

A

both hemispheres

81
Q

3 parts of the Forebrain: Telencephalon

A

Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System

82
Q

Cerebral Cortex Function

A

brains outermost layer of nerve tissue

83
Q

Basal Ganglia Function

A

voluntary movements and reward/punishment

84
Q

Limbic System Function

A

Motivated/goal orientated behaviors and memory

85
Q

Hippocampus Function

86
Q

2 parts of Forebrain: Dienchephalon

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

87
Q

Thalamus Function

A

collection of nuclei, relay station for senses

88
Q

Hypothalamus Function

A

homeostasis, links CNS with endocrine system

89
Q

Majority of dopamine is created in the __

90
Q

3 parts of Hindbrain

A

Cerebellum, pons, and medulla

91
Q

The Hindbrain main function

92
Q

Cerebellum Function

A

Coordinating movements, balance and more

93
Q

Pons Function

A

respiration and swallowing

94
Q

Medulla Function

A

respiration, heart rate, vommitting toxic substances, conciousness

95
Q

5 parts of the Brain Stem

A

Pons, medulla, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus

96
Q

Dura Matter

97
Q

Arachnoid Matter

A

Spongy layer

98
Q

Pia Matter

A

thin and follows folds and grooves

99
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) function

A

surrounds brain and spinal cord, fills lateral ventricles to act as a protective layer

100
Q

Arteries Function

A

carry oxygenated blood and glucose away from heart to brain

101
Q

Veins Function

A

carry deoxygenated blood and lactic acid away from brain to heart

102
Q

Circle of Willis Function

A

blood supply of brain and protects against parts failing

103
Q

What are cytoarchitectonic maps

A

maps that show the brodman areas where each region has a different type of cell

104
Q

Infants form synapses at a rate of

A

200,000 per second

105
Q

we ___ neurons as we get older

106
Q

Potential

A

ability to use stored power

107
Q

Which ions are primarily in the cell

A

Anions and Potassium

108
Q

Which ions are primarily outside of the cell

A

Sodium and Chloride

109
Q

How many neurons are there

A

100 billion

110
Q

A neuron recieves 8 inputs. 4 are excitatoty and 4 are inhibatory. The EPSPs are close together and the IPSPs are far apart. The EPSPs enter at dif times and IPSPs enter at the same time. What happens?

A

they cancel out, leading to no AP

111
Q

When the Action Potential reaches the axon terminal, the change in membrane voltage causes ___

A

Ca2+ channels to open

112
Q

What are autoreceptors

A

receptors on the presynaptic membrane regulate amount of neurotransmitter released – typically cause less neurotransmitters to be released

113
Q

4 ways for neurotransmitters to die

A

diffusion, enzymatic breakdown, reuptake, glial uptake

114
Q

What does the Hodgkin and Huxley Model represent?

A

the dynamic characteristics of the neuron by mimicking the action potential, ionic channels, and spiking behaviors.

115
Q

3 types of changes in syntatic learning

A

changing to be less common, changing to be more common, changing quantities

116
Q

where does Ca2+ send instructions to make more synapses, more dendritic spines, or larger synpases

A

nuclear DNA

117
Q

acetyl coA + choline –> ChAT –> ?

118
Q

what does AChE do

119
Q

Tyrosine – > L-Dopa –> ? –> ? –?

A

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine

120
Q

what neurotransmitters do MAO and COMT break down

A

DA, NE, EP, 5HT

121
Q

which Neurotransmitter is really important for learning and memory

122
Q

neurons can release __ neurotransmitters

123
Q

the corpus callosum is made up of ___

A

200 million heavily myelinated axons

124
Q

what does the basal ganglia consist of

A

subcortial nuclei that looks like eagle wings on an axial slice

Biopsychology (2 decks)

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