Exam 1 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
The CNS is made up of the ___
A
brain and spinal cord
2
Q
The CNS ____
A
controls and mediates behavior
3
Q
The PNS is made up of the ____
A
somatic, autonomic, and enteric systems
4
Q
The somatic system ___
A
controls the cranial and spinal nerves
5
Q
The autonamic system ___
A
controls organs and glands, parasympathetic and sympathetic
6
Q
The enteric system ___
A
controls the gut
7
Q
Ramon y Cajal discovered that
A
neurons don’t actually touch
8
Q
Synapses are mostly formed as ___
A
babies and toddlers
9
Q
Nissyl Staining reveals
A
cell bodies
10
Q
Golgi staining reveals
A
cell bodies + dendrites
11
Q
Electron Microscope reveals
A
individual neurons
12
Q
Multi-photon microscope reveals
A
detailed images
13
Q
Glial cells are the ___ of the brain
A
glue
14
Q
Ependymal Cell
A
makes the spinal fluid
15
Q
Astrocyte
A
blood brain barrier so toxic substances don’t enter
16
Q
Micro glial cells
A
clear waste from the brain
17
Q
Oligiodendrocytes
A
make up mylein sheath in CNS
18
Q
Schwannn cells
A
make up myelin sheath in PNS
19
Q
Neurons talk to each other via ___
A
electrochemical transmission
20
Q
what are oscilloscopes used to study
A
electrochemical signals and resting potential
21
Q
what happens in the depolarization phase
A
Na+ rushes in and K+ channels open and K+ leaves but slowly
22
Q
what happens in the repolarization phase
A
K+ continues to leave to restore membrane potential
23
Q
When is there an absolute refractory phase
A
depolarization and repolarization
24
Q
when is there a relative refractory phase
A
hyperpolarization
25
Step 1 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter
Synthesized from precursor
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Step 2 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter
Transported to axon terminal if needed
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Step 3 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter
Packaged into vesicles
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Step 4 of Lifecycle of Neurotransmitter
released via exocytosis after action potential
29
pros of gap functions (electrical synapse)
fast, bidirectional, does not require a lot of energy
30
con of gap functions (electrical synapse)
no mechanism for plasticity
31
pro of chemical synapses
plasticity
32
con of chemical synapses
slow, requires energy and neurotransmitters
33
Synapses are the site for ___
neural basis of learning
34
are inotropic or metabotropic receptors quicker
inotrpic
35
2 types of Hebbian Learning
habituation and sensitization
36
Hebbian Learning
connections between a pre and post synaptic neuron will be strengthened following coordinated activity and weakened during uncoordinated activity
37
Sensitization definition
neurons become more responsive to stimuli with repeated stimulation
38
How does sensitization work?
repeated stimulus because cAMP causes K+ channels to be less active which causes a longer action potential so more Ca2+ enters the cell during the long depolarization phase so more vesicles of neurotransmitters are released into the synapse which results in larger EPSPs
39
Habituation definition
neurons become less responsive to stimuli with repeated stimulation
40
How does habituation work?
repeated stimulus means less Ca2+ is around so less Ca2+ enters the cell, so less neurotransmitters are released into the synapse which results in smaller EPSPs
41
non associative learning
learning that does not require stimuli association or pairing
42
3 categories of neurotransmitters
Large Neuropeptides, small molecules, and lipids
43
Example of a large neuropeptide
opiods
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example of lipids
endocannabinoids
45
3 categories of small molecules
Amino acids, amines, acetylcholine
46
2 amino acids
glutamate and GABA
47
2 categories of amines
catecholamines and Seratonin
48
3 catecholamines
dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
49
Glutamate Features
excitatory and involved in learning and memory
50
Death Mechanism of Glutamate
Glial Uptake
51
Too much Glutamate causes
excitotoxicity which leads to loss of neural function and cell death
52
Features of GABA
inhibitory and receptors are ligand gated Cl- channels
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Death Mechanism of GABA
Glial Uptake
54
Epilepsy drugs target ___
GABA
55
Acetylcholine (ACh) features
made from food, converted with enzymes, and especially present for when neurons meet muscles
56
Death Mechansim of ACh
enzymatic breakdown
57
What happens if ACh is inhibited
muscles continuously contract until you die
58
Dopamine (DA) features
excitatory and inhibitory, involved in everything
59
Death Mechanism of DA
reuptake + enzymatic breakdown
60
Norepinephrine (NE) features
invovled in sleep, arousal, alertness
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Death Mechanism of NE
reuptake + enzymatic breakdown
62
Epinephrine (EP) features
fight or flight
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Death Mechanism of EP
reuptake + enzymatic breakdown
64
Seratonin (5HT) features
mood, aggression, respiration, appetite
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Death Mechanism of 5HT
reuptake + enzymatic breakdown
66
Order that the Catecholamines were formed
Dopamine --> norepinephrine --> epinephrine
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gray matter
anything not myelinated
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white matter
mylenated axons
69
Neocortex
newest part with 6 layers
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Allocortex
the older and more inner part of the brain with only 3-4 layers
71
What lobe is the precentral gyrus in
Frontal
72
What lobe is the postcentral gyrus in
parietal
73
4 functions of Frontal lobe
executive functioning, decision making, planned motor movements, integration
74
3 functions of Parietal Lobe
somatosensory information, attention, spatial information
75
Occipital lobe function
Vision
76
3 Functions of Temporal Lobe
hearing, language, and memory
77
Function of Insula
emotion (integration of emotion and cognition)
78
What 2 lobes does the central sulcus separate?
Frontal and Parietal
79
What 2 lobes does the lateral sulcus/sylvian fissure separate?
Frontal and Temporal
80
What does the interhemispheric/longitudinal fissure separate
both hemispheres
81
3 parts of the Forebrain: Telencephalon
Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System
82
Cerebral Cortex Function
brains outermost layer of nerve tissue
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Basal Ganglia Function
voluntary movements and reward/punishment
84
Limbic System Function
Motivated/goal orientated behaviors and memory
85
Hippocampus Function
memory
86
2 parts of Forebrain: Dienchephalon
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
87
Thalamus Function
collection of nuclei, relay station for senses
88
Hypothalamus Function
homeostasis, links CNS with endocrine system
89
Majority of dopamine is created in the __
midbrain
90
3 parts of Hindbrain
Cerebellum, pons, and medulla
91
The Hindbrain main function
survival
92
Cerebellum Function
Coordinating movements, balance and more
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Pons Function
respiration and swallowing
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Medulla Function
respiration, heart rate, vommitting toxic substances, conciousness
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5 parts of the Brain Stem
Pons, medulla, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus
96
Dura Matter
durable
97
Arachnoid Matter
Spongy layer
98
Pia Matter
thin and follows folds and grooves
99
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) function
surrounds brain and spinal cord, fills lateral ventricles to act as a protective layer
100
Arteries Function
carry oxygenated blood and glucose away from heart to brain
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Veins Function
carry deoxygenated blood and lactic acid away from brain to heart
102
Circle of Willis Function
blood supply of brain and protects against parts failing
103
What are cytoarchitectonic maps
maps that show the brodman areas where each region has a different type of cell
104
Infants form synapses at a rate of
200,000 per second
105
we ___ neurons as we get older
lose
106
Potential
ability to use stored power
107
Which ions are primarily in the cell
Anions and Potassium
108
Which ions are primarily outside of the cell
Sodium and Chloride
109
How many neurons are there
100 billion
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110
A neuron recieves 8 inputs. 4 are excitatoty and 4 are inhibatory. The EPSPs are close together and the IPSPs are far apart. The EPSPs enter at dif times and IPSPs enter at the same time. What happens?
they cancel out, leading to no AP
111
When the Action Potential reaches the axon terminal, the change in membrane voltage causes ___
Ca2+ channels to open
112
What are autoreceptors
receptors on the presynaptic membrane regulate amount of neurotransmitter released -- typically cause less neurotransmitters to be released
113
4 ways for neurotransmitters to die
diffusion, enzymatic breakdown, reuptake, glial uptake
114
What does the Hodgkin and Huxley Model represent?
the dynamic characteristics of the neuron by mimicking the action potential, ionic channels, and spiking behaviors.
115
3 types of changes in syntatic learning
changing to be less common, changing to be more common, changing quantities
116
where does Ca2+ send instructions to make more synapses, more dendritic spines, or larger synpases
nuclear DNA
117
acetyl coA + choline --> ChAT --> ?
ACh
118
what does AChE do
kills ACh
119
Tyrosine -- > L-Dopa --> ? --> ? --?
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
120
what neurotransmitters do MAO and COMT break down
DA, NE, EP, 5HT
121
which Neurotransmitter is really important for learning and memory
Glutamate
122
neurons can release __ neurotransmitters
2+
123
the corpus callosum is made up of ___
200 million heavily myelinated axons
124
what does the basal ganglia consist of
subcortial nuclei that looks like eagle wings on an axial slice
