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Medical Physiology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Integral protein

A

channels, pores, carriers, enzymes, that go all the way through the membrane (extracellular– intracellular)

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2
Q

Peripheral protein

A

enzymes, intracellular signal mediators; protein on only one side of the membrane

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3
Q

Glycolipid

A

carbohydrate attached directly to the lipid bilayer

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4
Q

Glycoprotein

A

carbohydrate attached to integral protein, majority of integral proteins and glycocalyx

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5
Q

Proteoglycans

A

protein core between two carbohydrates but not connected to membrane or integral protein– attached via a charge (membrane + and molecule -)

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6
Q

Glycocalyx

A

protects the cell by surrounding it with a negative charge– repels other negatively charged molecules; involved in cell-cell attachment/interactions; play role in immune reactions

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7
Q

Cholesterol

A

increases membrane flexibility

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8
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

outer membrane covered in ribosomes (processing protiens) and newly synthesized proteins are extruded into the ER matrix from the nucleus
–proteins processed inside ER matrix: crosslinked, folded, glycosated, cleaved

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9
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

4 or more stacked layers of flat vesicular structures, creates vesicles to secrete contents into extracellular space– bloodstream– target cell; some release contents into lysosomes
- receives vesicles from smooth ER and processes them (phosphorylated/glycosylated); contents are concentrated, sorted, and packaged for secretion
– provides enzymes for lysosomes to use

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10
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

site of lipid synthesis, growing ER membrane buds continuously to form vesicles that travel to the Golgi apparatus

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11
Q

Constitutive vs stimulated secretion

A

constitutive= random
stimulated= requires a stimulus to occur

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12
Q

Lysosomes

A

contain hydrolytic enzymes (acid hydrolases); fuse with pinocytotic/phagocytotic vesicles to form digestive vesicles
– issues with enzymes= lysosomes become engorged with undigested substrate– disease

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13
Q

Peroxisomes

A

similar to lysosomes except for formed by self replication and contain oxidases

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14
Q

Chromatin

A

condensed DNA found in the nucleoplasm, functions to form the granular subunits of ribosomes

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15
Q

clathrin-coated pits

A

receptors coated in pits and receptor binding causes cell to change shape around material to form vesicle, endocytosis is ATP-dependent and involves recruitment of actin and myosin

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16
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Intermediate filaments (keratins), microtubules, thin filaments (f-actin), thick filaments (myosin)S

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17
Q

Simple diffusion

A

molecules move readily across the membrane based on their concentration gradient (water soluble molecules require channels/pores/transport protein)

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18
Q

Ungated channels

A

example of simple diffusion- transport based on size, shape, and charge of channel and ion

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19
Q

Gated channels

A

voltage: membrane potential reaches correct value– opens and falls below– closed (action potential)
chemical: neuromuscular junction (substrate binds to receptor–opens)
-facilitated diffusion

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20
Q

Facilitated vs simple diffusion rate

A

simple=linear
facilitated= starts out linear and plateaus because proteins can only bind so fast (limited by Vmax of carrier proteins)

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21
Q

Active transport

A

occurs against a concentration gradient, required energy (ATP)

22
Q

Primary vs secondary active transport

A

Primary= required ATP
Secondary=energy from electrochemical gradient (usually Na)

23
Q

Na- K ATPase

A

–antiporter, sodium ions (3) out and potassium ions (2) in
–uses about 20% typical cells energy and 67% neurons energy

24
Q

Ca ATPase

A

present on cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum– maintains a low cytosolic Ca concentration– pumps Ca from cytosol back into sarcoplasmic reticulum

25
Q

H ATPase

A

-parietal cells of stomach (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (controls blood pH)
-pumps H ions

26
Q

symporters vs antiporters

A

–symporters= molecules traveling in same direction (driver must bind first- down concentration gradient- where energy comes from)
–antiporters= ions moving in opposite directions (both must bind before moving– driver first)

27
Q

Digoxin

A

–cardiac glycoside, increase cardiac muscle performance in patients with heart failure
–blocks Na/K pump– increase Na concentration in cell– decrease Na ability to lower Ca levels in cell– facilitate a stronger more forceful contraction of muscle because more Ca available

28
Q

Transcellular Transport of Glucose/AA

A

-AA and glucose pulled from lumen into epithelial cell- Na symporter (diffusion to get into extracellular fluid)
-Na/K pump pumping Na against conc. gradient- creating it so other side can pull in AA/glucose

29
Q

Osmosis

A

net diffusion of water– water moves toward higher salt concentration (down gradient)

30
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the minimum amount of pressure required to halt the flow of water down conc. gradient/ to counter osmosis; higher concentration of solute= higher pressure of osmotic pressure to move against conc. gradient; water moves down concentration gradient until reach equilibrium

31
Q

Osmolarity

A

–mOsm= index of the concentration of PARTICLES per liter solution (molecules disassociate: NaCl –> Na/Cl
–if the molecule disassociates then multiple mM by how many particles it disassociates into

32
Q

Molarity

A

–mM= index of concentration of MOLECULES per liter solution

33
Q

Tonicity (effective osmotic pressure)

A

depends on the properties of both the membrane and the solute

34
Q

Steady state cell volume

A

–dependent upon the concentration of IMPERMEANT particles in the extracellular fluid
–higher permeability= more transient the change

35
Q

Hypernatremia

A

-increased plasma Na– water leaves cells– cells shrink
-central/nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
-decreased release/response to ADH

36
Q

Hyponatremia

A

-decreased plasma Na– water enters cells– cells swell
-syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
-too much ADH

37
Q

K equilibrium potential (Ek)

A

-electrochemical potential that counters net diffusion of K
-Ek= -94 mV
-Ek= -61 x log (Ki/Ko)

38
Q

Na equilibrium potential (ENa)

A
  • electrical potential that counters net diffusion of Na
    -ENa= +61 mV
    -ENa= -61 x log (Nai/Nao)
39
Q

Resting membrane potential (Vm)

A

–the membrane is more permeable to K than Na– more potassium leak channels– favors loss of K over uptake of Na
– Vm= -90 to -70

40
Q

Resting membrane potentials of various cells

A

Skeletal muscle fibers= -85 to -90
Smooth muscle fibers= -50 to -60
Neurons= -60 to -70

41
Q

Net driving force of ions

A

the difference in millivolts between the membrane potential and the equilibrium potential for that ion (Eion)

42
Q

Depolarized

A

-membrane potential moves toward 0 mV (becomes more positive)
-Na leak channels opening cause– close in downshoot

43
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

goes below resting membrane potential

43
Q

Overshoot

A

membrane goes above 0mV

43
Q

Repolarization

A

-membrane goes back down toward Vm– towards resting potential
-K leak channels open and cause– open in downshoot

44
Q

Excitability

A

ability of membrane to increase in mV

44
Q

Threshold

A

-cutoff for cell of where we see action potential– membrane potential must exceed
-Na volted gated (leak) channels open when membrane potential reaches threshold

45
Q

Na/K activation gate

A

Na= activation gate opens when membrane potential reaches certain voltage–closes when membrane reaches Vm– inactivation gate opens and activation gate closes
K= K has slow activation when Na inactivation gate closes

46
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

a second response isn’t possible no matter the strength or duration of stimulus

47
Q

Relative refractory period

A

a second response can be elicited, but requires a stronger stimulus

Medical Physiology (1 decks)

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