exam #1

Question 1

achievement motivation

Answer 1

efforts to master a task/overcome obstacles
*called competiveness

Question 2

competiveness

Answer 2

disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons
*social evaluation=key component

Question 3

effects of motivation

Answer 3

• choice of activity
• effort to pursue goals
• intensity of effort
• persistence in face of failure

Question 4

Need achievement theory

Answer 4

both personal and situational factors
ex. personality, sit factors, resultant tendencies, emotional reactions, achievement behavior

Question 5

Attribution theory

Answer 5

how people explain their successes and failures
stability, locus of causality, locus of control (stable=occur reg.)

Question 6

Achievement Goal theory

Answer 6

motivated by one’s interpretation of what it takes to achieve success
ego vs task oriented + perceived ability

Question 7

Competence Motivation theory

Answer 7

people are motivated to feel worthy, perceptions of control work along with self-worth

ex. soccer player has high esteem feels competent perceives he has control –> efforts to learn game increase enjoyment

Question 8

Achievement motivation & Competitiveness stages

Answer 8

1) autonomous competence stage- mastering environment and self testing
2) social comparison stage- directly comparing performance
3) integrated stage- involves both and integrates

Question 9

using achievement motivation in professional practice

Answer 9

• emphasize task goals
• focus on approach goals
• monitor and alter feedback
• asses and correct inappropriate attributes

Question 10

factors affecting intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Answer 10

social factors:
success/fail, focus of competition, coach behavior

Question 11

intrinsic motivation

Answer 11

knowledge (learning smth), accomplishment (mastering), stimulation (fun)

Question 12

extrinsic motivation

Answer 12

integrated regulation (valued outcome), identified reg (behavior highly valued), introjected reg (internal prods), external reg (rewards)

Question 13

Self-determination theory

Answer 13

competence (confidence) relatedness (social) & autonomy (input/decision)

Question 14

Strats to increase intrinsic motivation

Answer 14

provide for successful experiences (lower hoop for younger kids), give rewards contingent on performance, verbal/nonverbal praise, vary content and sequence of practice drills, involve participants in decision making, realistic performance goals

Question 15

elements of flow

Answer 15

balance of challenge and skill, complete absorption, clear goals, merging activity and awareness, total concentration, loss of self-consciousness, sense of control, no extrinsic reward, transformation of time, effortless movement

Question 16

how people achieve flow

Answer 16

motivation to perform, optimal arousal level before performing, appropriate focus, physical prep, optimal envirn/sit conditions, confidence

Question 17

clutch states

Answer 17

sudden process of “switching on” in big moments

Question 18

objective goals

Answer 18

attaining certain standard within time
ex. specific level of weight loss in 3 months

Question 19

subjective goals

Answer 19

general
ex. “i want to do well”

Question 20

Types of goals:

Answer 20

Outcome- competitve result (winning gold)
Performance- previous personal success (10 on beep test) (provide feedback)
Process- focus on actions (good at-bats) (give us control)

Question 21

Principles of goal setting

Answer 21

• set specific goals (go from 14 over par to 11)
• set difficult but realistic goals
• set long/short-term (long=direction, short= immediate)
• set performance, process & outcome (for every outcome there should be several perf. and processes)
• mastery approach (improve mile by 5 secs; mast. avoidance= don’t slow down) vs. performance approach (finish top 10; avoidance= don’t finish bottom 5)
• practice/competition goals
• record goals (once goals are set they should be recorded and placed where easily seen)
• goal achievement strats
• consider personality/motivation
• support
• feedback

Question 22

effective team goal setting

Answer 22

1) est. long term goals first
2) clear paths of short en route to long term goals
3) involve all members
4) monitor progress
5) reward progress
6) foster collective team confidence

Question 23

Common problems in goal setting

Answer 23

• convincing to set goals
• not specific
• too many too soon
• failing to adjust
• failing to recognize indv diffs
• no follow up

Question 24

effect of exercise on psychological well being

Answer 24

increases: academic performance, confidence, memory, well-being, efficacy, body image
decreases: tension, anxiety, anger, alc abuse, depression, phobias

Question 25

Why does physical activity have such a postive impact?

Answer 25

physiological explanations:
increased cerebral flow, changes in neurotransmitters, reduce muscle tension, increase max oxygen
psychological:
feeling of control, competency, positive social interactions, improved self-esteem, fun!

Question 26

Runner’s high

Answer 26

mental awareness, liberation, lift in legs, suppressed pain, ease, rhythm, exhilaration

Question 27

Strats for enhancing adherence to exercise

Answer 27

• Behavior modification: provide cues (visual, audio), contracts (private gym)
• Reinforcement: incentives/ rewards (charting performance, rewarding attendance/participation, feedback)
• Cognitive behavioral approaches: goal setting, if-then, (dis)association
• Decision-making: pros-cons
• Social Support: need for relatedness
• Intrinsic: focus on experience, process, engage in meaningful activity

Question 28

anorexia

Answer 28

refusal to maintain weight, fear of gaining weight, disturbance in appearance, absence of 3 consecutive periods

Question 29

bulmia

Answer 29

binge eating, lack of control, vomiting, min 2 binge episodes a week for 3 months, overconcern w shape and weight

Question 30

Predisposing factors:

Answer 30

weight standards, coach/peer pressure, sociocultural factors, performance demands, judging criteria, critical comments

Question 31

exercise addiction

Answer 31

positive: involvement in regular physical activity important
negative: eliminates other choices in life (anxiety, fatigue, loss of control, conflict, injury)

tips & recs: rest days, workout w slower partner, stop after injury, mix intensities

Question 32

why athletes take drugs

Answer 32

physical (attractiveness, rehab, control appetite), psychological (escape unpleasant emotions, build confidence, extrinsic motivation, lack of self control), social (false consensus effect)

Question 33

sport deterrence model

Answer 33

cost benefit analysis
legal, social, & self-imposed sanctions, health concerns vs. money, social, achievement